Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40198411›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology2025

Motor, affective, cognitive, and perceptual symptom changes over time in individuals with Parkinson's disease who develop freezing of gait.

Michelle V Faerman, Cayli Cole, Karen Van Ooteghem, Benjamin F Cornish, Erika E Howe, Verena Siu, Pershia Norouzian, Alanna Black, Julia E Fraser, David A Grimes and 20 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. What is new in Freezing of Gait?Journal of neurology · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors.

Michelle V FaermanDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-5857-2274
Cayli ColeDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Karen Van OoteghemDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Benjamin F CornishDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Erika E HoweDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Verena SiuDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Pershia NorouzianDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Alanna BlackLondon Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.
Julia E FraserDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
David A GrimesDepartment of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Mandar JogLondon Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.
Donna KwanCentre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Anthony E LangEdmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Jane M Lawrence-DewarThunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
Brian LevineRotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Connie MarrasEdmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Mario MasellisDepartment of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
William E McIlroyDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Paula M McLaughlinNova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Manuel Montero-OdassoSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
J B OrangeSchool of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Alicia J PeltschFaculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Frederico Pieruccini-FariaSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Angela C RobertsSchool of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Yanina Sarquis-AdamsonLawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
Thomas D L SteevesDivision of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Brian TanDepartment of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Angela K TroyerDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
ONDRI Investigators
Kaylena A Ehgoetz MartensDepartment of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. kaehgoet@uwaterloo.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-2295

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Freezing of gait (FOG) affects up to 80% of individuals living with advanced Parkinson's disease and approximately 20% in early stages. Associated with motor, affective, cognitive, and sensory difficulties, FOG is challenging to treat due to its unknown etiology. Approaches and findings in research studies predicting FOG remain inconsistent. To help address discrepant methods and results, this prospective, longitudinal study evaluated motor, affective, cognitive, and perceptual predictors of FOG. Data from 120 individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative cohort were analyzed across two years to evaluate the strongest FOG predictors. Over this period, 25 individuals developed FOG (transitional freezers), 71 remained non-freezers, and the remaining 24 participants experienced freezing at baseline and follow-up (continuous freezers). Two-way Time*Group ANOVAs and non-parametric equivalents assessed data longitudinally. Separate logistic regression models evaluated FOG predictors one and two years prior to onset. Transitional freezers showed lower baseline immediate verbal recall z-scores than non-freezers. Transitional freezers' dyskinesia severity, postural instability/gait difficulty, and depression increased, and attentional set-shifting and delayed visuospatial memory declined. Motor symptoms and longer disease duration predicted FOG two years prior, with affective and cognitive measures predictive one year prior. Models had high specificity (2 years: 97.0%, 1 year: 90.4%) but not sensitivity (2 years: 43.8%, 1 year: 52.9%), with accuracies of 86.7% and 81.2%, respectively. These findings highlight the change in FOG predictors relative to its onset time, which might explain conflicting findings to date. Future work should consider whether predictors vary by disease stage or FOG 'subtype'.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionGait Disorders, NeurologicParkinson DiseaseAgedDisease ProgressionFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsProspective StudiesFreezing of gaitParkinson’s diseasePredictionRisk factors

Identifiers

PMID40198411

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.