Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40198315›Full record

ArticleXenotransplantation

International Xenotransplantation Association (IXA) Position Paper on the History, Current Status, and Regulation of Xenotransplantation.

Wayne J Hawthorne, Richard N Pierson, Leo Buhler, Peter J Cowan, Jay Fishman, Rita Bottino, Raphael P H Meier, Paolo Brenner, Eckhard Wolf, Emanuele Cozzi and 1 more

Abstract readHistorical ArticleConsensus Statement
In one paragraph

Article in Xenotransplantation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Biomimetic Cell Membrane-Coated Scaffolds for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Wayne J HawthorneThe Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-8638-3468
Richard N PiersonCenter for Transplantation Sciences and Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3764-4590
Leo BuhlerCantonal Hospital Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-8555-6283
Peter J CowanImmunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-9016-4954
Jay FishmanTransplant Infectious Diseases and Compromised Host Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2671-3311
Rita BottinoImagine Pharma, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1540-2996
Raphael P H MeierDepartment of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9050-0436
Paolo BrennerDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8474-6154
Eckhard WolfGene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0430-9510
Emanuele CozziTransplant Immunology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7855-5055
Muhammad M MohiuddinCardiac Xenotransplantation Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4654-783X

Funding

Prolonging life-supported pig kidney and heart graft survival in baboons by suppressing inflammationU19AI090959 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI MOHIUDDIN, MUHAMMAD M · 2010 to 2024
$26.3M
CRISPR-Modified Cardiac Xenograft TransplantationU01AI153612 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI PIERSON, RICHARD N · 2021 to 2024
$3.2M
Liver Xenotransplantation using CRISPR-modified Porcine OrgansU01AI146248 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MARKMANN, JAMES FRANCIS · 2021 to 2024
$3.0M
NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI146248NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI153612NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI090959
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent landmark clinical translation of xenotransplantation depended upon multiple innovations by the xenotransplant community, including the introduction of a variety of source pig genetic modifications, technical innovations, and novel immunosuppressive strategies, as well as the development of ethical and regulatory frameworks to support translation to the clinic. Each organ, tissue, or cell type intended for xenotransplantation will require application-specific preclinical milestones to be met in order to predict "success", as measured by ethical, safe, and efficacious translation to the clinic. Based on successful pre-clinical results and emerging evidence from decedent studies and initial clinical cases, evidence-based infectious disease, ethical, and regulatory considerations are emerging, and will be the foundations for the application-specific position papers that are currently under development. Here, we describe significant landmark events focusing upon safe and efficacious results underpinned by appropriate guidance documents developed over the past three decades that enabled recent translation to the clinic for heart and kidney xenografts. These steps have been undertaken over the past three decades by the xenotransplant community specifically led by the International Xenotransplantation Association (IXA) in consultation with the Transplantation Society (TTS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to usher xenotransplantation to the clinic.

Indexed as

HeterograftsTransplantation, HeterologousAnimalsHistory, 20th CenturyHistory, 21st CenturyHumansSwinegenetic engineeringguidancelegislationorgan donationregulationstransgenesxenotransplantationxenozoonoses

Identifiers

PMID40198315
PMCPMC11977855

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.