ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 1 September 2023 to 31 May 2024.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness among older adults in Jiaxing, China, 2022-2025: A test negative design-based study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine protection and contact patterns among outpatients with influenza-like illness during the 2024-2025 season in China: a test-negative case-control study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Review
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters Among Children and Adults-VISION, United States, 2024-2025 Season.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Intraseasonal waning of influenza vaccine effectiveness and implications for the optimal timing of seasonal vaccination programs: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations and emergency department or urgent care encounters among children and adults - United States, 2024-25 season.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Acute Respiratory Illness in Older Adults: Findings From the First Postlicensure Season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Host-directed broad-spectrum immunotherapeutic strategy for respiratory infections: Heat-killed Caulobacter crescentus (HKCC) as an innate-immune based biotherapeutic/postbiotic.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Article
- Seasonal Influenza: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Preventive Strategies.Cureus · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
47 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe 2023-2024 influenza season included sustained elevated activity from December 2023 to February 2024 and continued activity through May 2024. Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B viruses circulated during the season.
methodsDuring 1 September 2023 to 31 May 2024, a multistate sentinel surveillance network of 24 medical centers in 20 US states enrolled adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. Consistent with a test-negative design, cases tested positive for influenza viruses by molecular or antigen test, and controls tested negative for influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza-associated hospitalization was calculated as (1 - adjusted odds ratio for vaccination) × 100%.
resultsAmong 7690 patients, including 1170 influenza cases (33% vaccinated) and 6520 controls, VE was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31%-48%) with varying estimates by age: 18-49 years, 53% (95% CI, 34%-67%); 50-64 years, 47% (95% CI, 31%-60%); ≥ 65 years, 31% (95% CI, 16%-43%). Protection was similar among immunocompetent patients (40%; 95% CI, 30%-49%) and immunocompromised patients (32%; 95% CI, 7%-50%). VE was statistically significant against influenza B (67%; 95% CI, 35%-84%) and A(H1N1) (36%; 95% CI, 21%-48%) and crossed the null against A(H3N2) (19%; 95% CI, -8% to 39%). VE was higher for patients 14-60 days from vaccination (54%; 95% CI, 40%-65%) than >120 days (18%; 95% CI, -1% to 33%).
conclusionsDuring 2023-2024, influenza vaccination reduced the risk of influenza A(H1N1)- and influenza B-associated hospitalizations among adults; effectiveness was lower in patients vaccinated >120 days prior to illness onset compared with those vaccinated 14-60 days prior.
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