ArticleBMC ophthalmology2025
The hyperopia reserve in 3- to 6- years-old preschool children in North China: the Beijing hyperopia reserve research.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hyperopic reserve, early myopia risk and screening strategies in children: A multi-regional analysis from the CREAM-KIDS consortium.iScience · 2026Article
- Operationalizing a minimal-metric school screening pathway: using non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent as a first-stage triage metric for hyperopia-reserve insufficiency in Chinese schoolchildren.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The incidence of myopia and the factors associated with it among primary and junior high school students in Shihezi, China, a cohort study based on the SHAP model.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Hyperopic reserve insufficiency and myopic pre-disposition in pre-school children aged 3-6 years: a large-scale cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- IMI-2025 Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Incidence of eye problems in children aged 3-6 years during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
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13 authors.
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Abstract
clinical relevanceIn recent years, the concept of hyperopia reserve, defined as a physiological hyperopic refractive status preceding emmetropia and myopia, has gained increasing attention. and raised awareness about myopia. This concept has become of interest to both parents and practitioners.
backgroundTo report the distribution of refractive errors and ocular biometry in a large scale of preschool children in Beijing, in North China. The distribution of hyperopia reserve and its associated factors were also further investigated.
methodsThis study presents baseline data from Beijing Hyperopia Reserve Research (BHRR), which enrolled 2109 preschool children from 22 randomly selected kindergartens. Cycloplegic refraction was performed for all children. Hyperopia reserve was defined as a spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) greater than zero. Parents completed a questionnaire about the severity of refractive status (normal; mild myopia <-3D; moderate myopia ≥-3D and ≤-6D; high myopia >-6D) and their children's indoor and outdoor activity times.
resultsThe mean SER was + 1.11 ± 0.97D, and the mean axial length was 22.25 + 0.73 mm in all preschool children. The overall prevalence of myopia was 3.7%, with age-specific rates of 2.8%, 3.8%, 3.8%, and 5.2%, respectively. A total of 1932 children (91.6%) had hyperopia reserve, yet only 24.1% of children had age-adjusted normal hyperopia reserve. Regression analysis showed that maintaining hyperopia reserve was associated with sex (boy as reference, OR = 1.7, P = 0.005), mild myopic group parents (Father: OR = 1.7, P = 0.003; Mother: OR = 2.2, P < 0.001), increased outdoor activity time (OR = 1.3, P = 0.031) and reduced study time (OR = 0.8, P = 0.025).
conclusionsThe present study provided a comprehensive database on the refractive status and ocular biometry of preschool children aged 3-6 years in Beijing, North China. Although most children maintained hyperopia reserve, the majority had age-adjusted hyperopia reserve deficiencies. Early intervention, particularly for children with parents exhibiting severe myopia may be warranted.
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