Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40197218›Full record

ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2025

Health conditions, health literacy, access to care, and health care experiences among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer adults in Lebanon.

Wassim Daoud Khatoun, Ali Slim, Jana Makhlouf, Sam S S Lau, Marco C H Cheng, Alissa Chebat, Michel Boustany, Elio Tahan, Carmel Bouclaous

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal for equity in health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Wassim Daoud KhatounGilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.ORCID 0000-0001-6515-5722
Ali Slim *Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.ORCID 0009-0008-9451-3689
Jana Makhlouf *Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.ORCID 0000-0002-1190-2582
Sam S S LauResearch Centre for Environment and Human Health, School of Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0002-8806-031X
Marco C H ChengResearch Centre for Environment and Human Health, School of Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0009-0006-9839-3165
Alissa ChebatGilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.ORCID 0000-0003-3294-3751
Michel BoustanyGilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.ORCID 0000-0003-4452-7405
Elio TahanGilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon.ORCID 0009-0005-0475-3880
Carmel BouclaousGilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon. carmel.bouclaous@lau.edu.lb.ORCID 0000-0002-3832-0806

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study aims to assess the physical health of individuals belonging to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community, considering health system challenges like access to care and patient experiences and community-specific attributes like health literacy and self-acceptance.

methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in January-June 2022 using non-probabilistic sampling. The survey collected sociodemographic characteristics, information on access to care and patient experiences, prevalence of chronic conditions, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and health literacy levels. The inclusion criteria required participants to be of Lebanese nationality, at least 18 years old, and to identify as part of the LGBTQ community. Descriptive statistics summarized the data. Two sample t-tests and chi-square tests were used to examine associations between variables.

resultsA total of 496 participants took the survey, with a majority identifying as bisexual (38.5%) or gay (35.1%). Around 41.1% reported at least one chronic condition. Difficulty accessing healthcare was experienced by 37.7%, with 11.1% reporting a negative patient experience. Participants who reported experiencing discrimination were significantly more likely to delay seeking health services (p < 0.001), with transgender-identifying participants experiencing significantly more discrimination that non-transgender-identifying participants. Regarding sexual health, 15.7%, of those who tested, reported at least one STI. Their preferred testing sites were Non-Governmental Organizations (59.3%). Adequate health literacy level was significantly associated with STI testing (t = 3.34, p < 0.01) and chronic disease (t = 3.76, p < 0.01).

conclusionOur findings underscore the importance of inclusive healthcare policies that address discriminatory experiences in healthcare settings and the need for targeted evidence-based interventions to improve health outcomes among LGBTQ individuals.

Indexed as

Health LiteracyHealth Services AccessibilitySexual and Gender MinoritiesAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLebanonMaleMiddle AgedSexually Transmitted DiseasesSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultAccess to careChronic diseasesHealth literacyLGBTQPatient experienceSexually transmitted infections

Identifiers

PMID40197218
PMCPMC11974139

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.