ReviewDementia & neuropsychologia2025
Intranasal insulin in Alzheimer disease (diabetes
Review in Dementia & neuropsychologia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nose-brain axis: A bridge from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Brain insulin resistance as a driver of proteinopathy in neurodegeneration: from cell-type-specific mechanisms to targeted therapeutics.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Insulin Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Association with Brain Insulin Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A systematic review on type 3 diabetes: bridging the gap between metabolic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. Evidence suggests that AD shares pathophysiological similarities with type 2 diabetes. Intranasal insulin (INI) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for AD by directly targeting the brain and modulating insulin signaling pathways. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of INI therapy for AD through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: A search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase, was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to June 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed original research articles focused on humans, investigating the therapeutic effects of INI administration on cognitive impairment associated with AD, and reporting quantitative data on cognitive outcomes, biomarkers, or pathological markers relevant to AD. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively synthesize the effects of INI on cognitive outcomes. Results: A total of 647 articles were identified, and eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The overall odds ratio was 3.75 (95%CI 1.49-9.40). The test for overall effect showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). However, the I Conclusion: While the current data is not yet conclusive enough to definitively establish INI as a standard treatment for AD, the evidence supporting its safety, efficacy, and reduced risk of systemic side effects suggests potential cognitive benefits for improving global cognition in patients with AD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.