ArticleDiscover mental health2025
Charting the course of depression care: a meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ- 9) as the measure.
Article in Discover mental health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevention and treatment of social anxiety disorder in adolescents: mixed method randomised controlled trial of the guided online intervention SOPHIE.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Depressive symptom profiles across pregnant, postpartum, and nonperipartum women: measurement invariance and differential item functioning analyses of 2005-2021 NHANES data.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Schizotypy and subclinical depression relate to specific trait curiosity dimensions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Adapted Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) to decrease psychological distress among urban adolescents in New York City: a feasibility study protocol for a cluster single arm trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2026Article
- Article
- Agreement among brief patient health questionnaire (PHQ) versions for measuring symptoms of depression in the Brazilian national health survey (PNS).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of gender-based violence in selected safe houses in the Sidama region, Ethiopia.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the Malocclusion Impact Scale for Early Childhood (MIS-EC/Ar).BDJ open · 2026Article
- Decomposing the Association Between Neighborhood Homicide Rates and Stress-Related Health Outcomes Among Black Men in Chicago.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional study of screened depression prevalence among Gaza war survivors who fled versus those who remained.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Self-Dehumanization Is Related to Worse Mental Health in Veterinarians.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ten-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): Separate Analyses from Romanian and Italian Cohorts Integrating Metabolic, Hepatic, and Gut-Liver Axis Markers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Threshold effect of visceral adiposity index on suicidal ideation: a mediation analysis through fasting blood glucose.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Addressing Depression From the Perspective of Cisgender Males: Mixed-Methods Insights on PHQ-9 Comfort Through the Health Belief Model and Gender Role Theory.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDepression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, requiring reliable and adaptable screening tools. The Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 (PHQ- 9) is widely used, yet its reliability across diverse populations and cultural adaptations remains unclear.
objectiveThis meta-analysis assessed the reliability generalization of the PHQ- 9 across different populations, settings, and cultural contexts to determine its applicability in global mental health assessments.
methodsA reliability generalization (RG) meta-analysis was conducted on 60 studies with 232,147 participants. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and test-retest reliability. Subgroup analyses examined the effects of administration modes, cultural adaptations, and study settings.
resultsThe pooled Cronbach's α was 0.86 (95% CI [0.85, 0.87]), indicating high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability, based on eight studies, was 0.82 (95% CI [0.74, 0.90]). Self-administered formats had the highest reliability (α = 0.87), while face-to-face interviews were lower (α = 0.80). Substantial heterogeneity (I
conclusionsThe PHQ- 9 is a reliable depression screening tool globally, but significant heterogeneity highlights the need for continued cultural adaptation and validation to enhance its applicability across diverse contexts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.