Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40191463›Full record

ArticleAdvanced materials technologies2025

Softening, Conformable, and Stretchable Conductors for Implantable Bioelectronics Interfaces.

Pedro E Rocha-Flores, Chandani Chitrakar, Ovidio Rodriguez-Lopez, Yao Ren, Alexandra Joshi-Imre, Ankit R Parikh, Ahmet S Asan, James R McIntosh, Aldo Garcia-Sandoval, Joseph J Pancrazio and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced materials technologies, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Pedro E Rocha-FloresDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Chandani ChitrakarDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
Ovidio Rodriguez-LopezDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Yao RenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson Texas, 75080, USA.
Alexandra Joshi-ImreThe Office of Research and Innovation, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.
Ankit R ParikhDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson Texas, 75080, USA.
Ahmet S AsanDepartments of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
James R McIntoshDepartments of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Aldo Garcia-SandovalDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Joseph J PancrazioDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Melanie EckerDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
Hongbing LuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson Texas, 75080, USA.
Jason B CarmelDepartments of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Walter E VoitDepartment of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.

Funding

Paired Brain and Spinal Cord Stimulation to Strengthen Spinal Sensorimotor CircuitsR01NS115470 · NINDS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI CARMEL, JASON BRANT · 2021 to 2025
$2.7M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS115470
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neural implantable devices serve as electronic interfaces facilitating communication between the body and external electronic systems. These bioelectronic systems ideally possess stable electrical conductivity, flexibility, and stretchability to accommodate dynamic movements within the body. However, achieving both high electrical conductivity and mechanical compatibility remains a challenge. Effective electrical conductors tend to be rigid and stiff, leading to a substantial mechanical mismatch with bodily tissues. On the other hand, highly stretchable polymers, while mechanically compatible, often suffer from limited compatibility with lithography techniques and reduced electrical stability. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to develop electromechanically stable neural interfaces that enable precise communication with biological tissues. In this study, a polymer that is softening, flexible, conformal, and compatible with lithography to microfabricate perforated thin-film architectures was utilized. These architectures offer stretchability and improved mechanical compatibility. Three distinct geometries were evaluated both mechanically and electrically under in-vitro conditions that simulate physiological environments. Notably, the Peano structure demonstrates minimal changes in resistance, varying less than 1.5× even when subjected to almost 150% strain. Furthermore, devices exhibit a maximum mechanical elongation before fracture, reaching 220%. Finally, the application of multi-electrode spinal cord leads employing titanium nitride for neural stimulation in rat models was demonstrated.

Indexed as

Biomedical implantsFlexible ElectronicsMicro-hole ArraysNeural modulationSoftening PolymersSpinal Cord StimulationStretchable Conductors

Identifiers

PMID40191463
PMCPMC11968089

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.