ReviewNeurology and therapy2025
The Kappa Free Light Chains Index and Central Vein Sign: Two New Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis.
Review in Neurology and therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Accuracy of the central vein sign in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Polypharmacy, Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Medication Non-Adherence in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Study.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Neurodegenerative and inflammatory biomarkers are detectable in saliva in multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Kappa Free Light Chains Index in Multiple Sclerosis: From Emerging Evidence to Clinical Application.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- From the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial to Antibody-Mediated Optic Neuritis: Four Decades of Progress and Unanswered Questions.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Diagnostic value of the kappa free light chain index in multiple sclerosis under the 2024 CSF positivity criterion: a multicentre study in oligoclonal band-negative patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multiple sclerosis as an asynchronous neuroinflammatory system.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Kappa Free Light Chain Index Correlates With Prognostic Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis and Decreases Slowly Following Treatment.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Beyond the cut-off: harmonizing kappa free light chain index using likelihood ratios improves the clinical interpretation in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update.Free neuropathology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
At the last European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) meeting, Montalban and the experts' panel announced the 2024 revision of the McDonald criteria. The optic nerve has been added as a fifth dissemination in space (DIS) criteria topography among the main changes. Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be diagnosed in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) if specific biomarkers are added to at least two of the five DIS criteria. Among the particular MS biomarkers, the kappa free light chain index (kFLC index) positivity will be added to oligoclonal band (OCB) detection to fulfill intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, and the central vein sign (CVS) will be able to ensure the specificity of the lesions detected on MRI scans. This review summarises the knowledge on the kFLC index and the CVS in people with MS and RIS, allowing them to be incorporated into the proposed revision of the McDonald criteria.
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