ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2025
Structural and healthcare predictors of substance use-related death following release from incarceration: A retrospective cohort study in Rhode Island, 2018-2020.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundIncarcerated individuals are at a high risk of substance use-related death after release. While prior research has demonstrated that this is partially due to loss of tolerance during incarceration and return to use after release, structural and healthcare use factors that may also impact overdose risk have been underexplored. We assessed the relationship between structural factors (e.g., housing services received) and health care use (e.g., emergency department use) and overdose risk at 12-months post-incarceration in Rhode Island in the United States.
methodsWe used a retrospective cohort study design. Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) data were linked with individual-level data across state agencies. Cumulative incidence of substance use-related death was estimated as a function of structural and healthcare factors using hazard ratios from cause-specific cox landmark models for dynamic predictions.
resultsThere were 9696 individuals in the analytic sample. Most deaths that occurred within 12 months post-release involved substance use (N = 96). People who had more previous incarcerations had a higher risk of substance use-related death. Reporting taxable wages (aHR: 0.52; 95 % CI: 0.25, 1.09) was weakly associated with in a lower risk of substance use-related death while being admitted to the hospital (aHR: 1.79; 95 % CI: 0.91, 3.53) was weakly associated with a slightly higher risk of substance use-related death 12-months post-release.
conclusionStructural factors were weakly associated with reduced risk of substance use-related death post-release from incarceration. Conducting needs assessments (e.g., identifying employment needs) and interventions (e.g., employment training programs) prior to or at release that address these structural factors are critical for reducing this risk. Further, these findings contribute to the evidence that decarceration should be used a public health tool given the high risk of substance use-related death post-release.
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