Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40186634›Full record

ReviewPituitary2025

Genetic models of Cushing's disease : From cells, in vivo transgenic models to human pituitary organoids.

Hiba Hashmi, Ryusaku Matsumoto, Dylan Corcoran, Yasuhiko Kawakami, Takako Araki

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Pituitary, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Hiba HashmiDivision of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Ryusaku MatsumotoCenter for Ips Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Dylan CorcoranDepartment of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Yasuhiko KawakamiDepartment of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Takako ArakiDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA. taraki@umn.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-1668

Funding

Mechanisms for post-COVID pituitary damageR01DK130378 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI ARAKI, TAKAKO, KAWAKAMI, YASUHIKO · 2021 to 2023
$1.2M
NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK130378The North American Skull Base Society Research Grant 21-22-NCEUniversity of Minnesota, Medical School, Grant-in-Aid 212588
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by pituitary tumors that overproduce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); however, effective medical treatments remain limited, significantly impairing patients' quality of life and prognosis. Despite extensive molecular analyses, the pathogenesis of CD remains unclear. Although previous molecular studies have relied heavily on rodent-derived cells and rodent transgenic models, significant species differences exist in the tumorigenesis of CD between humans and rodents. To date, an established human CD cell model is lacking, as human CD cells are limited in availability and sustainability over time. Additionally, the gene modifications used in transgenic models do not necessarily reflect the causative genes in CD. CD tumors exhibit wide phenotypic heterogeneity, which further complicates the development of an ideal genetic model. In this review, we provide an analysis of 11 genetic models used to study CD, outlining their historical development, strengths, and limitations. Additionally, we discuss the ongoing development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived pituitary organoids and further describe various models of pituitary organoids as an emerging novel approach to studying CD. By comparing all these models, we highlight the necessity of advancing genetic models to improve our understanding and treatment of CD.

Indexed as

Models, GeneticOrganoidsPituitary ACTH HypersecretionPituitary GlandAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalHumansInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsCorticotroph tumorsCushing diseaseGenetic modelsIPS cellsPituitary organoids

Identifiers

PMID40186634
PMCPMC12558744

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.