ArticleNPJ vaccines2025
Impact of inactivated vaccine on transmission and evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- A new clade of H9N2 avian influenza virus circulating in Laos.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- H9N2 avian influenza virus in Muscovy ducks: a nationwide epidemiological survey and vaccine efficacy assessment.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- The avian respiratory microenvironment-immune nexus: A three-dimensional regulation model from local homeostasis to systemic defense.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Development and evaluation of a recombinant bivalent HVT-vectored vaccine candidate against H9N2 avian influenza virus and fowl adenovirus serotype 4.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Mannosylated chitosan-PLGA delivers Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes for oral immunoprotection against H9N2 in broilers.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Hemagglutinin double-mutation enhances binding of human-infecting avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny to human and SLeEMBO reports · 2026Article
- Environmental samples, a sensitive and practical alternative to individual bird sampling in the surveillance of H9N2 vaccinated turkey flocks.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- A Novel PLGA-based nano-adjuvant augments mucosal and systemic immunity in chicks through intestinal targeting and IgA production.Poultry science · 2026Article
- HVT-based multiepitope vaccine administered subcutaneously or in ovo boosts protection of inactivated H9N2 vaccine against heterologous virus.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Long-Term Immunogenicity and Protection of a rHVT-H9/Y280 Vaccine Against H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Commercial Layers with High Maternal Antibodies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Environmental circulation of multiple avian influenza subtypes and potential association with human infections in central China.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Serial passagingFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Development of Nanobody-Expressing Nanosomes for Neutralization of Influenza Virus.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Genetic Evolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Guangxi, China.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Bivalent Oral Vaccine Using AttenuatedVaccines · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle-Based Antiviral Vaccines for Chickens: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is endemic in poultry worldwide and increasingly zoonotic. Despite the long-term widespread use of inactivated vaccines, H9N2 AIVs remain dominant in chicken flocks. We demonstrated that inactivated vaccines did not prevent the replication of H9N2 AIVs in the upper airway of vaccinated chickens. Viral transmission was enhanced during sequential passage in vaccinated chickens, which was attributed to the restricted production of defective interfering particles and the introduction of stable mutations (NP-N417D, M1-V219I, and NS1-R140W) which enhanced viral replication. Notably, the genetic diversity of H9N2 AIVs was greater and included more potential mammal/human-adapted mutations after passage through vaccinated chickens than through naïve chickens, which might facilitate the emergence of mammal-adapted strains. By contrast, vaccines inducing cellular/mucosal immunity in the upper respiratory tract effectively limit H9N2 AIV. These findings highlight the limitations of inactivated vaccines and the need for revised vaccination strategies to control H9N2 AIV.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.