ArticleJournal of advanced research2026
Development and validation of a deep learning model based on cascade mask regional convolutional neural network to noninvasively and accurately identify human round spermatids.
Article in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThe difficulty of identifying human round spermatids (hRSs) has impeded applications of the human round spermatid injection (ROSI) technique. RSs can be accurately screened through flow cytometric analysis utilizing the Hoechst fluorescence profile reflecting DNA, but this method is not suitable for isolating hRSs due to the toxicity associated with Hoechst staining.
objectiveTo evaluate the capacity of a deep learning model grounded in a cascade mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) for the noninvasive and accurate identification of hRSs.
methodsIn this study, we presented the development and validation of a deep learning model for identifying hRSs through the analysis of 3457 optical light microscope images of sorted hRSs obtained via flow cytometric analysis. The model's accuracy and specificity were evaluated by calculating the mean average precision (mAP). Furthermore, a double-blind experiment was conducted to access the reliability of the proposed model in accurately identifying hRSs. It detected the expression of protamine (PRM1) and/or peanut lectin (PNA), which are established markers for RSs.
resultsOur deep learning-based model demonstrated a high precision, achieving a mAP of over 0.80 for isolating hRSs in test datasets. The expression of PRM1 and/or PNA was observed in all cells noninvasively selected by our AI model during an independent double-blind test. This phenomenon confirmed the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model. The model's capability for noninvasive and accurate isolation of hRSs among spermatogenic cells highlighted its robustness and generalizability for clinical applications.
conclusionThe deep learning AI model based on a cascade R-CNN has the ability to accurately identify hRSs among spermatogenic cells. The application of this noninvasive method, which requires no additional procedures in clinical practice, is able to facilitate the widespread implementation of ROSI technique. Therefore, it can provide patients with spermatogenic arrest the opportunity to become biological fathers.
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