A review on anterior uveitis and spondyloarthritis with a focus on the interdisciplinary approach between ophthalmologists and rheumatologists.

Anterior uveitis (AU) is characterized by the inflammation of the iris and ciliary body and is the most frequent extra-articular manifestation of spondyloarthritis (SpA). In SpA patients, AU is typically described as unilateral alternating acute AU (AAU). Moreover, as AAU can be the initial clinical manifestation of SpA, ophthalmologists could play a key role in the early diagnosis of SpA. The diagnostic delay in SpA is associated with poorer outcomes, including functional impairment, reduced response to treatment, and lower quality of life. A well-structured screening of patients with AAU could facilitate the early diagnosis. Consequently, the interdisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologists and rheumatologists is fundamental to reduce the diagnostic delays. A correct and early diagnosis of SpA, together with early treatment initiation is important prognostic factors. These measures are associated with better treatment responses and may help retard the development of structural damage, particularly in the era of biological therapies, which have significantly improved the care of patients with SpA. Although various algorithms have been proposed to guide the selection of appropriate candidates for rheumatology referral, to date, there are no formal guidelines or universally recognized criteria for referral. This review aimed to summarize the epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of AU associated with SpA as well as the ophthalmology-rheumatology interdisciplinary approach.