ArticleSaudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society
Dry eye and systemic diseases.
Article in Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrated management of dry eye-depression comorbidity: mechanistic insights and temporal therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for dry eye disease: principles, progress, and challenges.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- The Investigation of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide as Inflammatory Biomarker Predictor in Coronary Heart Disease Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Case-Control Study.International journal of inflammation · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine as a secretagogue versus artificial tears in the management of dry eye disease.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Tear film instability and reduced tear production initiate a vicious circle where hyperosmolarity, ocular inflammation, and apoptosis may induce a damage of the ocular surface including keratitis which is all included in a common condition called dry eye disease (DED). DED can be apparently an isolated ocular surface condition; however, multiple ocular and systemic risk factors have been identified. The association with systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, hormonal imbalance, dietary imbalance, metabolic diseases, infections, psychological conditions, and aging together with external causative factors may act independently or interacting each other to initiate and/or perpetuate signs and symptoms typical of this very common ocular surface disease. Rheumatological disorders are most typically associated with dry eye; therefore, strict interaction with rheumatologists is important for the diagnosis and management of DED patients. In the present narrative review, we highlight associations between DED and some of the systemic disorders that may be implicated in the development of the disease.
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