ArticleJournal of circadian rhythms2025
Influence of Chronotype and Theobromine on the 24-h Variation in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Healthy Adults.
Article in Journal of circadian rhythms, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
The influence of morningness-eveningness preference and dietary components on the circadian variation in peak expiratory flow (PEF), an established criterion for pulmonary function, is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate (a) how the chronotype influences the 24-h variation in PEF and (b) whether the bronchodilator theobromine affects this variation differently in different chronotypes. Ninety-seven healthy non-smoking females (54 early chronotypes, ET; 43 late chronotypes, LT; 18-35 years) recorded their PEF over 24 hours at 4-h intervals (08:00/12:00/16:00/20:00/24:00/04:00/08:00 h). In a subgroup (26 ET, 18 LT), the effect of 48 mg theobromine (40 g dark chocolate) on PEF was compared on three consecutive 24-h days with no administration, morning administration and evening administration of theobromine. Repeated measures ANOVA tested for 24-h variation in PEF. Both chronotypes displayed significant 24-h variation in PEF (
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