ArticleEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2025
Statement concerning the review of the approval of the basic substances chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride when used in plant protection.
Article in EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effect of foliar chitosan application on fusarium head blight in barley is highly genotype dependent.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Efficient Preservation of Perishable Fruits by Erasable Metal-Organic Frameworks.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Review
- Basic Substances and Nanotechnology: Bridging Sustainability and Innovation for Fungal Disease Management in Plants.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Chitin estimation in agricultural soils.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Statement concerning the review of the approval of the basic substances chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride when used in plant protection.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to provide an opinion according to Article 23(6) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, in conjunction with Article 29 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, regarding the approved plant protection uses of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride as basic substances. The Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) was not provided with new dossiers but collated available scientific and technical knowledge and used a weight of evidence approach and experts' judgement for its appraisal. The statement has considered the possibility for extrapolation of the toxicological properties between chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride, and whether both substances can be expected to be of no toxicological concern; a comparison between the estimated levels of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride resulting from the approved uses as basic substances and the level of chitosan expected to naturally occur in the environment. This last comparison served to verify whether the approved uses as basic substances might lead to an exceedance of the expected natural background levels in any of the environmental compartments (quantitative for the soil compartment and (semi)quantitative for the freshwater compartment); and accordingly, whether there was a need to advise on the safety of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride to non-target species occurring in the impacted environmental compartments. Overall, the PPR Panel concluded that toxicological properties can be extrapolated between chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride and that no toxicological concerns were identified. The estimated levels of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride in the environment following application in accordance with their approved uses as basic substances would be within the same range, or below, the expected natural background exposure levels in soil and freshwaters. Considering the available ecotoxicological data and the environmental fate assessment, further consideration in relation to the safety to non-target organisms was considered not necessary. Missing information alongside related uncertainties have been identified and considered in the overall weight of the evidence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.