Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40181435›Full record

ReviewTropical medicine and health2025

Understanding the resurgence of mpox: key drivers and lessons from recent outbreaks in Africa.

Adewunmi Akingbola, Christopher Abiodun Adegbesan, Olajumoke Adewole, Courage Idahor, Tolani Odukoya, Emmanuel Nwaeze, Shekoni Mayowa, Owolabi Abdullahi, Petra Kerubo Mariaria

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Tropical medicine and health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  5. Monkeypox in South Asia: a systematic review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Adewunmi AkingbolaDepartment of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Old Trinity Schools, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, England, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7245-0340
Christopher Abiodun AdegbesanDepartment of Global Health, African Cancer Institute, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-5360
Olajumoke AdewoleDepartment of Community Health and Primary Healthcare, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-6372-2316
Courage IdahorNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-4817
Tolani OdukoyaSchool of Public Health, University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Emmanuel NwaezeDepartment of Community Health, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria.
Shekoni MayowaDepartment of Community Health and Primary Healthcare, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria.
Owolabi AbdullahiBayero University, Gwarzo Road, Gwale, PMB 3011, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.
Petra Kerubo MariariaInfectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Makerere, Uganda. pkmariaria@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-6322-4249

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mpox has re-emerged as a significant public health threat, particularly in Africa. This study explores the key drivers behind the recent resurgence, focusing on epidemiological trends, transmission dynamics, and lessons learned from recent outbreaks. The research involved a comprehensive review of recent mpox outbreaks, analyzing factors, such as socio-economic conditions, environmental influences, and genetic evolution. Findings indicate that the resurgence is linked to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, increased human-wildlife interactions, and rapid urbanization in endemic regions. The virus, which was previously confined to rural areas, has now spread to urban populations, and crossed national borders, driven by high population mobility and socio-economic instability. A notable shift in transmission dynamics has been observed, with increased human-to-human transmission, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM), contributing to more severe and widespread outbreaks. The study highlights the urgent need to strengthen health systems in Africa, particularly in the areas of diagnostics, surveillance, and public health preparedness. Challenges such as inadequate laboratory infrastructure and delayed response mechanisms have exposed vulnerabilities in current public health frameworks. To prevent future outbreaks, targeted strategies must be implemented, including enhanced community engagement, improved access to vaccines and treatments, and timely, accurate reporting of cases. Coordinated global action is essential to prevent mpox from becoming a more persistent and widespread public health threat. This research discusses the importance of proactive measures and international cooperation in addressing the ongoing threat posed by mpox, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources.

Indexed as

Disease outbreaksEpidemiologyMpoxPublic Health SurveillanceViral zoonotic diseasesZoonoses

Identifiers

PMID40181435
PMCPMC11970007

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.