ArticleExperimental hematology & oncology2025
NKG2D/CD28 chimeric receptor boosts cytotoxicity and durability of CAR-T cells for solid and hematological tumors.
Article in Experimental hematology & oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Harnessing the NKG2D immune surveillance pathway using engineered T-cells for the treatment of human disease.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- MMP3 overexpression enhances CAR-T cell infiltration and antitumor activity in a CAF-enriched solid tumor model.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Framework humanization enhances GM3(Neu5Gc)-targeting CAR-T cell function by reducing tonic signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCAR-T cell therapy faces challenges in solid tumor treatment and hematologic malignancy relapse, among which the limited persistence of CAR-T cells and target antigen downregulation are prominent factors. Therefore, we engineered an NKG2D/CD28 chimeric co-stimulatory receptor (CCR), leveraging its broad ligand expression on tumors to enhance the antitumor activity of MSLN CAR and CD19 CAR-T cells.
methodsWe generated MSLN CAR-T and CD19 CAR-T cells co-expressing the NKG2D/CD28 CCR and assessed their antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. CAR-T cell activation, differentiation, and exhaustion were analyzed over time following tumor antigen stimulation. Furthermore, a chronic antigen stimulation model was established using tumor cells with low antigen density to simulate the sustained antigenic pressure encountered in vivo treatment conditions.
resultsOur study shows that NKG2D/CD28&CAR-T cells exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, especially those with low antigen density, both in vitro and in vivo. Compared to conventional second-generation MSLN CAR or CD19 CAR-T cells, these dual-targeted NKG2D/CD28&CAR-T cells demonstrate superior sensitivity in recognizing and lysing low-density antigen-expressing lung cancer and leukemia cells, and they are capable of eradicating tumors with low-density antigen expression in vivo. Furthermore, the complementary co-stimulation provided by the 4-1BB and CD28 intracellular domains in the CAR and NKG2D/CD28 promotes cytokine secretion, reduces CAR-T cell exhaustion, and enhances the in vivo persistence of CAR-T cells, significantly improving their antitumor efficacy.
conclusionThe combination of CAR and NKG2D/CD28 offers a potent strategy to enhance the cytotoxicity and durability of CAR-T cells. This approach is promising for improving therapeutic outcomes in solid and hematological tumors and preventing recurrence in tumors with low target antigen density.
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