ArticleVeterinary research2025
Longitudinal study of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Northern Nigeria: implications for the roles of small ruminants and environmental contamination in endemic settings.
Article in Veterinary research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of amplicon-based nanopore sequencing for foot-and-mouth disease viruses in clinical and environmental samples.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Do foot and mouth disease vaccines affect bovine bull fertility? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Veterinary and animal science · 2026Review
- Phylogenetic Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from Cattle in Nigeria, 2017-2020.Viruses · 2026Article
- Environmental Sampling Using Shoe Booties for the Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Animal Pens.Viruses · 2026Article
- Isolation and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from small ruminants in Nigeria.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Universal amplification and sequencing of foot-and-mouth disease virus complete genomes using nanopore technology.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Environmental sampling for the detection of capripox viruses and peste des petits ruminants virus in households and livestock markets in Plateau State, Nigeria.Access microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed ungulates. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of the role of small ruminants and environmental contamination in the epidemiology and endemicity of FMD. A longitudinal study was conducted between March 2021 and October 2021 in northern Nigeria, where monthly samples were collected from five households, one livestock market and one transhumance location in two local government areas (LGA) identified as being at high risk of FMD. Serum samples (n = 783), oral swabs (n = 424) and environmental swabs (n = 458) were collected and tested for the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA by rRT-PCR. Serum samples (n = 780) were also tested for the presence of antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins. The proportion of FMDV RNA positive samples increased in all sample types collected in one LGA during the period when an FMD outbreak was reported in the same LGA. In contrast, sero-positive samples did not differ by month but differed between LGAs and amongst species. The force of infection estimated from age-seroprevalence data for each household was significantly lower in goats compared with both cattle or sheep. Five O/EA-3 topotype sequences were obtained from selected FMDV RNA positive samples; findings which support the use of environmental swabs to detect circulating FMDV strains in endemic settings. These results show oral and environmental swabs are suitable sampling methods for early detection at animal and herd level, respectively and provide insights on the role of small ruminants on FMD epidemiology.
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