ArticlePLoS pathogens2025
The evolution of antibiotic resistance in Europe, 1998-2019.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory bacterial pathogens of ruminants: a systematic review.Veterinary research communications · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Association Between Differential Heterogeneity of Antibiotics Consumption and Share of Resistant Pathogens and Its Implication for Antibiotic Stewardship in a German Hospital Intensive Care Unit.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Nine-Year Review ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Spatio-temporal distribution of extended spectrum β-lactamase producingJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Quantifying the effects of antibiotic resistance and within-host competition on strain fitness in Streptococcus pneumoniae.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- An Epidemiological Survey of Sepsis in a Tertiary Academic Hospital from Southwestern Romania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of antibiotic resistance are not well understood, particularly the long-term trajectories of resistance frequencies and their dependence on antibiotic consumption. Here, we systematically analyse resistance trajectories for 887 bug-drug-country combinations in Europe across 1998-2019, for eight bacterial species with a considerable resistance-associated public health burden. Our analyses support a model in which, after an initial increase, resistance frequencies reach a stable intermediate equilibrium. The plurality (37%) of analysed trajectories were best described as 'stable' (neither increasing nor decreasing). 21% of trajectories were best described as 'stabilising' - i.e. showing a transition from increasing frequency to a stable plateau; 21% as decreasing and 20% as increasing. The antibiotic consumption in a country predicts both the equilibrium frequency of the corresponding resistance and the speed at which this equilibrium is reached. Moreover, we find weak evidence that temporal fluctuations in resistance frequency are driven by temporal fluctuations in hospital antibiotic consumption. A large fraction of the variability in the speed of increase and the equilibrium level of resistance remains unexplained by antibiotic use, suggesting other factors may also drive resistance dynamics. Overall, our results indicate that ever increasing antibiotic resistance frequencies are not inevitable.
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