ArticlePreventing chronic disease2025
Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among American Indian Adolescents: The Strong Heart Family Study.
Article in Preventing chronic disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Markers of Liver Disease in American Indian Adolescents: The Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS).Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Article
- The vitamin D-cardiovascular nexus unraveling mechanistic promise and trial reality.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Medicine: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Improving American Indian Adolescent and Young Adult Cardiovascular Health: The Importance of the Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
- 35 Years of Partnership to Advance Cardiovascular Health and Well-Being in American Indian Communities: The Strong Heart Study and Strong Heart Family Study.Preventing chronic disease · 2025Article
- Do serum vitamins, carotenoids, and retinyl esters influence mortality in osteoarthritis? Insights from a nationally representative study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between geriatric nutritional risk index and fecal incontinence in individuals with stroke: mediating roles of systemic immune inflammation index and oxidative balance scores.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic implications of triglyceride-glucose index, remnant cholesterol, and vitamin D in normoglycemic Arab adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Observational
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: We aimed to describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among American Indian adolescents and determine its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: Our study population consisted of 307 adolescents (aged ≤20 years) participating in the Strong Heart Family Study with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) measured on samples collected during baseline examinations (2001-2003). We defined baseline prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/mL. We evaluated outcomes related to obesity (BMI, waist circumference, wait-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage), diabetes, cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. We used generalized estimating equations to determine whether the prevalence of the outcomes differed according to vitamin D deficiency status, while controlling for covariates. To determine incidence, we conducted a follow-up examination a median 5.8 years after baseline (2006-2009) and a second follow-up a median of 13.3 years after baseline (2014-2018). We calculated incidence rates (IR) per 100 person-years for the total group and stratified by vitamin D deficiency status at baseline. Finally we used shared frailty cox proportional hazards models to determine if the risk of the outcomes differed according to vitamin D deficiency status, while controlling for covariates. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 50.8% at baseline, and it was associated with the prevalence of obesity, low HDL-C, and metabolic syndrome, while controlling for covariates. By the first follow-up, the IRs per 100 person-years were the following: obesity (5.03), diabetes (1.07), any dyslipidemia (10.80), and metabolic syndrome (3.31). By the second follow-up, the IR of diabetes was significantly higher among those with (vs without) baseline vitamin D deficiency (1.32 vs 0.68 per 100 person-years; P = .02), although the association was not significant after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in adolescence may be associated with the CVD risk factors obesity, low HDL-C, and metabolic syndrome and may also contribute to the development of diabetes later in life.
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