Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40178760›Full record

ArticleDermatology and therapy2025

Risk of Superficial Fungal Infections in WHIM Syndrome.

Jennifer Strong, Rutha Adhanom, Caleb S Kim, Yoshine Saito, Jasmine C Meltzer, Patrick Hallaert, Sophia Martinez, Abigail Salancy, Heidi H Kong, Edward W Cowen and 4 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Dermatology and therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00128973 (Screening and Baseline Assessment of Patients With Abnormalities of Immune Function), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00128973 recruitingnot on this map

Screening and Baseline Assessment of Patients With Abnormalities of Immune Function

TypeobservationalSponsorNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)Ran2005Enrolled3,500ConditionsChronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), X-Linked Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (XSCID), Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency 1 (LAD), Graft Versus Host Disease (cGvHD)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Jennifer StrongDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Rutha AdhanomDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Caleb S KimDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Yoshine SaitoDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Jasmine C MeltzerDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Patrick HallaertDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Sophia MartinezMolecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Abigail SalancyMolecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Heidi H KongDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Edward W CowenDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Leslie Castelo-SoccioDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA.
Philip M MurphyMolecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
David H McDermottMolecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Isaac BrownellDermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 12N240C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1908, USA. isaac.brownell@nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-9914

Funding

Investigation of skin cancer and skin diseaseZIAAR041224 · NIAMS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SKIN DISEASES · PI BROWNELL, ISAAC · 2022 to 2025
$1.0M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AR041224
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionWHIM syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant inborn error of immunity caused by gain-of-function mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Patients with WHIM syndrome frequently suffer from an increased risk for bacterial and viral infections, especially warts due to human papillomavirus. Associations between WHIM syndrome and fungal infections have not been previously identified. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of superficial fungal infections in patients with WHIM syndrome.

methodsThis retrospective single-institution cohort study assessed patients with genotype-confirmed WHIM syndrome evaluated between March 2007 and March 2024.

resultsOf 45 patients with WHIM syndrome, 18 (40%) were diagnosed with at least one superficial fungal infection. These infections included dermatophytosis (n = 14, 78%), pityriasis versicolor (n = 6, 33%), and pityrosporum folliculitis (n = 1, 6%). No correlation was detected between superficial fungal infection risk and the degree of peripheral neutropenia, lymphopenia, or hypogammaglobulinemia. The median time to resolution of the longest episode of superficial dermatophytosis (skin or hair) was 171.5 (range 53-3650) days, and several patients experienced prolonged courses requiring serial retreatments.

conclusionsThese findings suggest that frequent or prolonged superficial fungal infections may be a useful clinical sign to prompt consideration of a WHIM syndrome diagnosis, especially in patients with numerous cutaneous warts or other history to suggest immunodeficiency.

trial registrationParticipants were enrolled in a natural history trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00128973).

Indexed as

DermatophyteSuperficial fungal infectionsTineaWHIM syndrome

Identifiers

PMID40178760
PMCPMC12033133

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.