Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40178190›Full record

ArticleCochlear implants international2025

Customized strategies for managing cochlear implant stimulation side effects.

Xianhui Wang, Phillip Tran, Michelle R Kapolowicz, Thomas Lu, Ginger Stickney, Arnold Starr, Hamid Djalilian, Fan-Gang Zeng

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cochlear implants international, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Xianhui WangCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Phillip TranCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Michelle R KapolowiczCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Thomas LuCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Ginger StickneyCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Arnold StarrCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Hamid DjalilianCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Fan-Gang ZengCenter for Hearing Research and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4325-2780

Funding

Tinnitus Treatment with Targeted Electric StimulationR01DC015587 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI ZENG, FAN-GANG · 2016 to 2020
$1.9M
NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC015587
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesCochlear implants restore functional hearing but may cause side effects like facial nerve stimulation, sound sensitivity or reactive tinnitus. The present study aimed to establish a general framework for optimizing stimulation parameters to manage these side effects while maximizing speech perception performance. A second objective was to understand how side effect origins impact treatment outcomes.

methodsEight adult cochlear implant subjects had intolerable side effects that rendered device usage difficult or even impossible. New maps were created by reducing stimulation levels, increasing pulse duration, reducing stimulation rate, altering channel gains and frequency maps, deactivating problematic electrodes, or a combination of the above. Outcomes were measured in terms of side effect reduction and changes in speech performance.

resultsFacial nerve stimulation was reduced or eliminated in five of five subjects. Sound hypersensitivity was eliminated in two of two subjects. Tinnitus was alleviated in three of four subjects, while the remaining one with cerebellar malformation experienced no change. Speech performance was either maintained or improved in all subjects. Except for the subject with cerebellar malformation who chose to explant the device, all subjects were able to use the implant effectively without bothersome side effects. DISCUSSION: Facial nerve stimulation is usually related to electric current spread on the same side, which can be effectively managed by customized strategies. In contrast, the origins of sound sensitivity and reactive tinnitus are more variable and likely more difficult to manage.

conclusionCustomized mapping can alleviate cochlear implant side effects without compromising speech performance.

Indexed as

Cochlear ImplantationCochlear ImplantsTinnitusAdultAgedElectric StimulationFacial NerveFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSpeech PerceptionTreatment OutcomeYoung AdultCerebellar malformationChannel interactionCochlear implantFacial nerve stimulationHyperacusisSide effectsSpeech perceptionTinnitus

Identifiers

PMID40178190
PMCPMC12324968

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.