ArticleCutaneous and ocular toxicology2025
Dermal irritancy assessment of microbial toxins and pesticidal contaminants found in recreational water using two- and three-dimensional human skin models.
Article in Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDermal exposure to freshwaters contaminated with pesticides and microbial toxins may result in toxicity. This study assessed the in vitro dermal irritancy of selected pesticides and microbial toxins using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) human skin models. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe 2D model was normal human keratinocytes. The 3D model was EpiDerm, derived from normal human keratinocytes that forms a multi-layered differentiated human epidermal model. Pesticides included dimethipin, α-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocylohexane, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, profenofos, and tribufos. Toxins included cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LA, -LR, and -RR. Exposure to contaminants was either 1 or 24 h. Viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Results were determined relative to negative control.
resultsSignificant effects in viability were observed in both models and time points. The greatest significant decrease in viability in the 2D model was tribufos at 1 h (23%) and cylindrospermopsin (37%) at 24 h. In the 3D model, the greatest significant decrease was microcystin-LA (16%) at 1 h and microcystin-RR (32%) at 24 h.
conclusionSeveral microbial toxins and pesticides were cytotoxic in both models and time points. However, no contaminant tested in the 3D model for 1 h was > 50% cytotoxic, which would categorize a chemical as a dermal irritant (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Test Guideline 439 for skin irritation). The 24 h exposure time point had a greater number of cytotoxic contaminants in both models, particularly the 2D model. Screening potential irritants in the 2D model for 24 h may prioritize chemicals for further assessment in the 3D model.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.