ArticleACS applied engineering materials2025
A Co-extrusion Additive Manufacturing Process with Mixer Nozzle to Dynamically Control Blowing Agent Content and Print Functionally Graded Foams.
Article in ACS applied engineering materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Unveiling the Printability and Performance of 3D Printed Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Stretchable Foams.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A unique approach to 3D-print functionally graded foams (FGFs) via dynamic control of the blowing agent content is demonstrated. The approach utilizes a co-extrusion additive manufacturing process equipped with a static mixer nozzle (SMN) and thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) as the foaming agent. The nozzle consists of two flow paths, one longer than the other, to facilitate the feeding of two different filaments. It is also equipped with layer multiplying elements (LME) for the mixing of the incoming melt streams. The first incoming filament was the expandable polylactide acid loaded with 8.0 wt % TEM (ePLA) to be mixed with the second filament made of neat PLA. The mixing of the two filaments at various ratios was successfully achieved, resulting in foams with uniform cellular morphologies at various densities. The choice of flow path also had a significant effect on the foam density. When ePLA was fed through the longer flow path, a greater degree of foaming was obtained due to a longer residence time. The FGF flexural samples, printed through this method, demonstrated a superior mechanical performance compared to their single density foam and solid unfoamed counterparts. The results reveal that this approach of foam additive manufacturing process provides a capable method to manufacture complex and functionally graded structures with programmable density profiles with specific gravities varying between 0.43 and 1.21 g cm
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.