ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2025
CSF outflow from the human spinal canal: preliminary results from an anatomical specimen-based model.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Paraneoplastic Intracellular Neuropathies: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- A conversation on human brain clearance.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Postmortem Evidence of Lymphatic Vessels Located at the Boundary of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems in the Cervical Spine.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Diffusion tensor imaging with 3D high-resolution MRI of lumbosacral nerve roots in lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy and its clinical correlations: a prospective study.La Radiologia medica · 2026Article
- An integrated classification to guide the management of spinal meninges pathologies.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Thecoperitoneal shunt placement for extensive spinal adhesive arachnoiditis or lumbosacral outlet obstruction with syringomyelia.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Injecting nerves with radiological contrast as a novel method of studying the peripheral nervous system.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Review
- Brain fluid physiology in ischaemic stroke; more than just oedema.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
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Abstract
backgroundRecent discoveries focused on the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in metabolite clearance have initiated intense research on CSF circulation and outflow pathways. These studies have focused on the cranial subarachnoid space, whereas spinal outflow has been relatively less investigated. Moreover, most studies have been performed on rodent models, which allows thorough anatomical investigation, whereas evidence from humans has been generated primarily from in vivo neuroimaging techniques. In this paper, we introduce an anatomical specimen-based preparation for studying spinal CSF outflow in humans and present preliminary results from our initial studies.
methodsUnfixed anatomical specimens of the thoracolumbar spinal dural sac along with the spinal nerves were obtained from cadavers. Experiments involving low-pressure infusion of contrast medium (barium sulfate) into the spinal subarachnoid space with video recording of contrast spread were performed. After fixation, contrast agent distribution of the samples was assessed via histological and radiological analyses including 3D X-ray microscopy.
resultsFive human anatomical specimens of the dural sac were assessed. Filling of spaces extending to the spinal dura (arachnoid granulations, cuffs around the proximal spinal nerves) and unrestricted outflow from postganglionic spinal nerve cross-sections were both observed. Histological and radiological results confirmed the presence of contrast around the spinal nerve fascicles under the perineurium, in the arachnoid granulations and within the lumens of vessels within the dura or in the surrounding epidural adipose tissue.
conclusionsThe described model makes it possible to examine CSF outflow routes from the human spinal subarachnoid space. The methodology is reproducible, feasible, and does not require specialized equipment. Preliminary results have revealed two potential CSF outflow pathways that have been previously observed in animal models: along the spinal nerves and to the epidural tissue and vessels.
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