ArticleRespiratory research2025
Burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections in China (1990-2021): a global burden of disease study analysis.
Article in Respiratory research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Estimating the economic burden of lower respiratory infections in China from 2020 to 2040: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Trends in respiratory disease mortality in the United States, 1999-2024.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and etiologies in China and globally: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Global Trends and Attributable Risk Factors in the Disease Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Burden of lower respiratory infections in five East Asian countries from 1990 to 2021: observation, comparison, and forecast from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of pneumococcal disease among children and adolescents aged <20 years from 1990 to 2021: a predictive analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundThe assessment of lower respiratory infection (LRI) mortality, incidence, and responsible pathogens in China provides a scientific basis for the prevention and management of LRI, especially for evaluating the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We provide a national estimate of the non-COVID-19 LRI burden and trends on people from 1990 to 2021 based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021.
methodsWe estimated China's mortality, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), risk factors and aetiology attribution for LRI without including COVID-19 by using the estimated data of GBD study 2021. Mortality, incidence, DALYs, risk factors and aetiology were stratified by sex and age. Trends were evaluated using estimated annual percentage change.
resultsIn 2021, it is estimated that there were 206930.22 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 171260.88-251990.47), with all-age mortality rate of 14.54 deaths (95% UI: 12.04-17.71) per 100,000 population. Compared to 2019, the all-age mortality rate had a 3.60% increase. Analyzing risk factors from 1990 to 2021, we found that the percentage of DALYs attributed to tobacco increased from 7.44% (95% UI: 1.26-15.72%) to 22.14% (95% UI: 3.28-38.41%), and that attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution increased from 19.84% (95% UI: 8.79-30.20%) to 32.72% (95% UI: 22.78-41.77%). The leading cause of mortality from LRIs remains Streptococcus pneumoniae from 1990 to 2021. However, the proportions of viral infections decreased. Compared to 2019, the proportion of deaths in 2021 caused by Influenza decreased from 13.03 to 2.70%, and the proportion of deaths due to RSV decreased from 2.21 to 0.41%.
conclusionsIn China, substantial progress has been made in reducing LRI mortality, yet LRIs have remained a threat in China from 1990 to 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mortality attributable to Influenza and RSV declined. Effective vaccines and treatments targeted at the main pathogens of LRI are important. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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