ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2025
Maternal Immune Activation: Implications for Congenital Heart Defects.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Maternal Chikungunya virus infection and pregnancy outcomes: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of vertical transmission dynamics and associated morbidity.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunologic research · 2026Pooled it
- Prenatal stress alters offspring neurovascular, autonomic, and immune development in animal models of neuropsychiatric and cardiometabolic disorders.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Maternal-Fetal Crosstalk in Cardiovascular Programming: Linking the Intrauterine Environment to Lifelong Disease Risk.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Fetal developmental trajectories following maternal immune activation are shaped by sex chromosome-gonadal interactions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Association between pathological stages and grades of chorioamnionitis and neonatal myocardial injury: a nested case-control study within a retrospective cohort.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Microbiota-innate immune crosstalk drives atherosclerosis: mechanisms, disease progression, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Decoding congenital heart disease: a multi-omic framework for cardiac lineage and regulatory dysfunction.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common major birth defects and one of the leading causes of death from congenital defects after birth. CHD can arise in pregnancy from the combination of genetic and non-genetic factors. The maternal immune activation (MIA) hypothesis is widely implicated in embryonic neurodevelopmental abnormalities. MIA has been found to be associated with the development of asthma, diabetes mellitus, and other diseases in the offspring. Given the important role of cardiac immune cells and cytokines in embryonic heart development, it is hypothesized that MIA may play a significant role in embryonic heart development. This review aims to stimulate further investigation into the relationship between MIA and CHD and to highlight the gaps in the knowledge. It evaluates the impact of MIA on CHD in the context of pregnancy complications, immune-related diseases, infections, and environmental and lifestyle factors. The review outlines the mechanisms by which immune cells and their secretome indirectly regulate the immuno-microenvironment of the embryonic heart by influencing placental development. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokines cross the placenta to induce related reactions including oxidative stress in the embryonic heart directly. This review delineates the role of MIA in CHD and underscores the impact of maternal factors, especially immune factors, as well as the embryonic cardiac immuno-microenvironment, on embryonic heart development. This review extends our understanding of the importance of MIA in the pathogenesis of CHD and provides important insights into prenatal prevention and treatment strategies for this congenital condition.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40175706What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.