Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40175423›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Identification of dental related ChatGPT generated abstracts by senior and young academicians versus artificial intelligence detectors and a similarity detector.

Matheel Al-Rawas, Omar Abdul Jabbar Abdul Qader, Nurul Hanim Othman, Noor Huda Ismail, Rosnani Mamat, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Johari Yap Abdullah, Tahir Yusuf Noorani

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Blinded by the Bot: Benchmarking GPT and Gemini Against Human Authors in Otolaryngology Reviews.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Clarity Without Credibility? Human Versus AI Abstracts in Otolaryngology.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Matheel Al-RawasProsthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Omar Abdul Jabbar Abdul QaderCollege of Dentistry, Al Mashreq University, Airport Street, Baghdad, Iraq.
Nurul Hanim OthmanProsthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Noor Huda IsmailProsthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Rosnani MamatHospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Mohamad Syahrizal HalimHospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Johari Yap AbdullahCraniofacial Imaging Laboratory, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. johariyap@usm.my.
Tahir Yusuf NooraniHospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. dentaltahir@yahoo.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Several researchers have investigated the consequences of using ChatGPT in the education industry. Their findings raised doubts regarding the probable effects that ChatGPT may have on the academia. As such, the present study aimed to assess the ability of three methods, namely: (1) academicians (senior and young), (2) three AI detectors (GPT-2 output detector, Writefull GPT detector, and GPTZero) and (3) one plagiarism detector, to differentiate between human- and ChatGPT-written abstracts. A total of 160 abstracts were assessed by those three methods. Two senior and two young academicians used a newly developed rubric to assess the type and quality of 80 human-written and 80 ChatGPT-written abstracts. The results were statistically analysed using crosstabulation and chi-square analysis. Bivariate correlation and accuracy of the methods were assessed. The findings demonstrated that all the three methods made a different variety of incorrect assumptions. The level of the academician experience may play a role in the detection ability with senior academician 1 demonstrating superior accuracy. GPTZero AI and similarity detectors were very good at accurately identifying the abstracts origin. In terms of abstract type, every variable positively correlated, except in the case of similarity detectors (p < 0.05). Human-AI collaborations may significantly benefit the identification of the abstract origins.

Indexed as

Abstracting and IndexingArtificial IntelligenceDentistryGenerative Artificial IntelligenceHumansAI-based language modelAI-written contentChatGPTEducatorsGenerative pre-trained transformerScientific abstracts

Identifiers

PMID40175423
PMCPMC11965432

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.