ArticleMagnetic resonance in medicine2025
Short-term gradient imperfections in high-resolution EPI lead to Fuzzy Ripple artifacts.
Article in Magnetic resonance in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Measuring the vibrational response of a high performance gradient coil.Magnetic resonance imaging · 2026Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging.Science advances · 2026Review
- Timing Is Everything: How Subtle Timing Changes in MRI Echo Planar Imaging Can Significantly Alter Mechanical Vibrations and Sound Level.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- Bridging the gap with invasive imaging: promises and challenges of a new generation of ultrahigh resolution fMRI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Human fMRI at 11.7T: Assessing feasibility, stability, and reliability on the Iseult scanner.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Blood volume sensitive laminar fMRI with VASO in human hippocampus: Capabilities and biophysical challenges at clinical 7T scanners.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- T1234: A distortion-matched structural scan solution to misregistration of high resolution fMRI data.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2025Article
- Short-term gradient imperfections in high-resolution EPI lead to Fuzzy Ripple artifacts.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2025Article
- Laminar CBV and BOLD response characteristics over time and space in the human primary somatosensory cortex at 7T.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
- Blood volume-sensitive laminar fMRI with VASO in human hippocampus: Capabilities and biophysical challenges at clinical 7T scanners.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
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Abstract
purposeHigh-resolution fMRI is a rapidly growing research field focused on capturing functional signal changes across cortical layers. However, the data acquisition is limited by low spatial frequency EPI artifacts; termed here as Fuzzy Ripples. These artifacts limit the practical applicability of acquisition protocols with higher spatial resolution, faster acquisition speed, and they challenge imaging in inferior regions of the brain.
methodsWe characterize Fuzzy Ripple artifacts across commonly used sequences and distinguish them from conventional EPI Nyquist ghosts and off-resonance effects. To investigate their origin, we employ dual-polarity readouts.
resultsOur findings indicate that Fuzzy Ripples are primarily caused by readout-specific imperfections in k-space trajectories, which can be exacerbated by short-term eddy current, and by inductive coupling between third-order shims and readout gradients. We also find that these artifacts can be mitigated through complex-valued averaging of dual-polarity EPI or by disconnecting the third-order shim coils.
conclusionThe proposed mitigation strategies allow overcoming current limitations in layer-fMRI protocols: Achieving resolutions beyond 0.8 mm is feasible, and even at 3T, we achieved 0.53 mm voxel functional connectivity mapping. Sub-millimeter sampling acceleration can be increased to allow sub-second TRs and laminar whole brain protocols with up to GRAPPA 8. Sub-millimeter fMRI is achievable in lower brain areas, including the cerebellum.
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