Opportunities and Challenges of Population Pharmacogenomics.

Pharmacological responses can vary significantly among patients from different ethnogeographic backgrounds. This variability can, at least in part, be attributed to population-specific genetic patterns in genes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as in genes associated with drug-induced toxicity. Identification of such ethnogeographic variability is thus crucial for the optimization of precise population-specific drug treatments. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the clinically actionable pharmacogenetic diversity of genes involved in drug metabolism (CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, DPYD, TPMT, NUDT15, UGT1A1, and NAT2), drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions (HLA-A and HLA-B), and drug-induced acute hemolytic anemia (G6PD). We highlight risk populations with distinct allele frequencies and discuss implications for the customization of treatment. Subsequently, we discuss key challenges and opportunities in population pharmacogenomics, including the importance of considering distinct allele frequency patterns in indigenous or founder populations, interpreting pharmacogenomic response in admixed populations, addressing the investigation bias of the pharmacogenomic literature, and difficulties in including rare and population-specific variants into drug response predictions. The information provided here underscores the critical role of population pharmacogenomics in refining pharmacological treatment strategies and aspires to provide further guidance to maximize the benefits of precision medicine across populations.