ArticleEcology and evolution2025
A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS-Tagged Birds.
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Article in Ecology and evolution, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Smart flying in challenging skies: How Red Kites adjust wind turbine micro- and meso-avoidance across weather and experience.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Trade-offs across life history stages and social association types shape winter communal roosting in a long-lived raptor.The Journal of animal ecology · 2026Article
- Survival of a Long-Lived Avian Scavenger: Implications of Age, Season, and Landscape Composition for Mortality Risk.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Integrating Lab- and Field-Based Approaches to Decipher Individuals' Response to Anthropogenic Change.Ecology letters · 2026Article
- Protected areas provide incomplete coverage for wintering Red Kites (Milvus milvus) in European agricultural landscapes.PloS one · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
88 authors.
Connor T PanterSchool of Geography University Park Campus, University of Nottingham Nottingham UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-158X
Carina NebelDepartment of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0848-1676
Maximilian RaabTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-6290
Verena StraussTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.
Clara FreytagTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-2359
Manuel WojtaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.
Hannah BöingTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.
Patrick HackerTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-626X
Rainhard RaabTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0090-6349
Jendrik WindtInstitute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4941-6416
Annika PosautzResearch Institute of Wildlife Ecology Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Vienna Austria.
Anna Kuebber-HeissResearch Institute of Wildlife Ecology Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Vienna Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-3835
Patrick ScherlerSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-3763
Martin U GrüeblerSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4468-8292
Urs G KormannSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9875-4836
Martin KolbeRotmilanzentrum Am Heineanum Halberstadt Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6472-4322
Alexandre MillonAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD Avignon Univ, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Écologie Aix‑en‑Provence France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-4123
Javier de la PuenteIndependent Researcher Madrid Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-0005
Javier ViñuelaInstituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM) Ciudad Real Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-0398
Duncan Orr-EwingRSPB Scotland Edinburgh Scotland UK.
Oliver KroneLeibniz Institute for zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Department Wildlife Diseases Berlin Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4507-5124
Torsten LanggemachBrandenburg State Agency for Environment, Bird Conservation Centre Buckow Germany.
Susanne ÅkessonDepartment of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-2180
Brady MattssonInstitute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3182-9538
Petra SumasgutnerKonrad Lorenz Research Center, Core Facility for Behavior and Cognition University of Vienna Grünau im Almtal Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-3461
Manuel Alcántara de la FuenteGobierno de Aragon Edificio San Pedro Nolasco Zaragoza Spain.
Ernesto AlvarezGREFA Madrid Spain.
Juan ArizagaDepartment of Ornithology Aranzadi Sciences Society San Sebastián Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1911-4078
Albert Bach PagèsSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach Switzerland.
Ana BermejoIndependent Researcher Madrid Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-462X
Guido CeccoliniCERM Endangered Raptors Centre Association Rocchette di Fazio Italy.
Nayden ChakarovDepartment of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-1242
Peter Derpmann-HagenströmLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Gifhorn Germany.
Marek DostálDepartment of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0613-091X
Gerd FabianLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Uelzen Germany.
Wolfgang FiedlerMax Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell am Bodensee Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-4161
Manuel GalánGREFA Madrid Spain.
Clément GanierLPO France, Fonderies Royales Rochefort CS France.
Andreas GärtnerTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.
Liza GlesenerNaturschutzsyndikat Sicona Luxembourg Luxembourg.
Alfonso GodinoAcción Por el Mundo Salvaje (AMUS) Villafranca Spain.
Zuzana GuziováOchrana Dravcov Na Slovensku Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Bratislava Slovakia.
László HaraszthyPro Vértes Természetvédelmi Közalapítvány Hungary.
Caka KarlssonDepartment of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-6271
Katharina KleinNatur&ëmwelt ASBL Kockelscheuer Luxembourg.
Ivan LiterákDepartment of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9885-6840
Nicolas LorenziniLPO AURA-Loire Saint-Étienne France.
Manuela LöwoldMitteleuropäische Gesellschaft Zur Erhaltung der Greifvögel Deutschland (MEGEG DE) Fulda Germany.
Christopher LüningLEA LandesEnergieAgentur Hessen GmbH Wiesbaden Germany.
Boris MaderičOchrana Dravcov Na Slovensku Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Bratislava Slovakia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-686X
Karel MakoňDes op Záchranná Stanice živočichů Plzeň Plzeň Czech Republic.
Kerstin MammenÖKOTOP-Büro für Angewandte Landschaftsökologie Halle (Saale) Germany.
Ubbo MammenÖKOTOP-Büro für Angewandte Landschaftsökologie Halle (Saale) Germany.
Torsten MarczakLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Bützow Germany.
Hynek MatušíkLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Březolupy Czech Republic.
Aymeric MionnetLPO Champagne-Ardenne Ferme Des Grands Parts Outines France.
Sara MorollónSEO/BirdLife Madrid Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-3398
Jakub MrázLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Planá nad LužnicíLužnicí Czech Republic.
Winfried NachtigallFörderverein Sächsische Vogelschutzwarte Neschwitz eV Neschwitz Germany.
Bernd NicolaiRotmilanzentrum Am Heineanum Halberstadt Germany.
Marta Olalde FernándezArabako Foru Aldundia-Diputación Foral de Álava Vitoria-Gasteiz ES Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1612-383X
Meinolf OttensmannDepartment of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-6928
María Jesús Palacios GonzálezDirectora de Programas de Conservación Dirección General de Sostenibilidad de la Junta de Extremadura Mérida Spain.
Jean-Yves PaquetDépartement Études Natagora Namur Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2068-7976
Vladimír PečeňákOchrana Dravcov Na Slovensku Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Bratislava Slovakia.
Lubomír PeškeLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Praha Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8984-6595
Thomas PfeifferLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Weimar Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7498-0828
Robert PudwillLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Germany.
Dušan RakANITRA System s.r.o. Praha Czech Republic.
Tim Maximilian RappDepartment of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5623-4389
Alexander ResetaritzÖKOTOP-Büro für Angewandte Landschaftsökologie Halle (Saale) Germany.
Stef van RijnDeltamilieu Projecten Vlissingen the Netherlands.
Romain RiolsLPO AURA Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France.
Arturo RodríguezAsociación Hontza Salvatierra-Agurain (Araba) Spain.
Luisa ScholzeTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.
Laura SchulteDepartment of Behavioural Ecology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-9443
Aurélie de SeynesLPO France Direction Territoriale Aquitaine Avenue de la Gare Saint-Jean-pied-de-port France.
Jan ŠkrábalTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9239-0920
Péter SpakovszkyTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.
Eike SteinbornRotmilanzentrum Am Heineanum Halberstadt Germany.
Ján SvetlíkTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6095-9657
Samuel TalhoetLPO Occitanie Palmas-d'Aveyron Aveyron France.
Miklós VacziFertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság Sarród Hungary.
Anne-Gaelle VerdierLPO France, Fonderies Royales Rochefort CS France.
Zdenĕk VermouzekCzech Society for Ornithology Praha Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-3804
Diego Villanúa IngladaNavarra Environmental Management (GAN-NIK) Pamplona Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-6644
Jörg WestphalDistrict of Lippe Lower Nature Conservation Authority Detmold Germany.
Rainer RaabTB Raab GmbH Deutsch-Wagram Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-5597
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities threaten many wildlife populations by increasing mortality rates, making it crucial to identify the locations and causes of mortality to inform conservation actions. Technological advancements, such as GPS satellite tracking, enable precise recording of wildlife movements. High-resolution data from such devices can facilitate rapid carcass recovery and provide insights into the mortality causes of tagged individuals. Obtaining required information to determine these causes is complex, and standardized approaches can overcome these limitations. In this study, we introduce the LIFE EUROKITE Assessment Protocol (LEAP), a framework for determining the timing, locations, and causes of mortality in GPS-tagged birds. LEAP is a multifaceted approach that integrates: (1) GPS tracking data, (2) evidence from the mortality location (site investigation), and (3) necropsy results to derive the mortality cause and a corresponding certainty score. We supplement the detailed description of LEAP with case studies assessing its effectiveness. Using 329 deceased GPS-tagged red kites (
Indexed as
bird crimecause of deathGPS trackinghuman‐wildlife conflictpopulation monitoringsurvival analysiswildlife conservation
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