ArticleBMC health services research2025
Community pharmacy workforce willingness, readiness, and infrastructural capacity to deliver vaccination services: a cross-sectional survey in Nigeria.
Article in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Systematic Review of Pharmacist-Administered Paediatric Vaccinations in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Positioning Community Pharmacies in Nigeria as a Clinical Trial Partner: A Forward Perspective.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and willingness of community pharmacists to provide vaccination services: a web-based cross-sectional survey in Uganda.BMC health services research · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is a growing need for community pharmacists to support universal health coverage by providing vaccination services to address low coverage, as they are among the most accessible healthcare professionals. In some Nigerian states, community pharmacists were trained in vaccination, but there are concerns about their capacity to enroll as vaccination service providers. This study evaluated the community pharmacy workforce willingness, readiness, and infrastructural capacity to deliver vaccination services in Nigeria.
methodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study using a self-administered structured questionnaire among community pharmacists in Nigeria using a Google Form and administered through WhatsApp platforms. Descriptive statistics were performed on the collected data using SPSS statistical software, version 21.
resultsOf the 414 community pharmacists sampled, 395 (response rate = 95.4%) were retrieved and included in the final analysis. Although most community pharmacists did not currently practice vaccine administration in their pharmacies (n = 295, 74.9%), most were willing to start administering vaccines (n = 359, 91.3%), participate in routine and supplemental immunization services (n = 373, 95.4%), receive training related to vaccination (n = 374, 95.2%), and encourage patients to get vaccinated in their pharmacies (n = 367, 93.6%). Tetanus vaccine was the most common (n = 158, 40%) among the vaccines administered by the respondents. Infrastructure was inadequate in many critical areas: vaccine-specific equipment (n = 263, 67.8%), safety boxes (n = 216, 55.7%), medical waste bins (n = 178, 45.8%), portable vaccine refrigerators in case of power failures (n = 218, 56.1%), anaphylaxis response kit (n = 340, 87.4%), and anaphylaxis management guidance (n = 346, 88.9%). Barriers to the pharmacists' willingness to deliver vaccination services were inadequate funds to procure appropriate storage equipment (n = 269, 70.0%), inadequate training (n = 265, 69.1%), conflicts with other professionals (64.4%), concerns about patient safety (n = 185, 47.7%), and handling vaccines and disposal of sharps (n = 182, 47.4%).
conclusionsCommunity pharmacists have indicated their willingness to embrace the advanced role of vaccine administration. The government and other healthcare stakeholders should address the infrastructural gaps and other barriers highlighted in the study to help improve vaccine access and availability.
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