Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40169952›Full record

ArticleBMC nephrology2025

Navigating the complexities of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) from risk factors to outcome: insights from the UK Biobank cohort.

Debasish Kar, Richard Byng, Aziz Sheikh, Mintu Nath, Bedowra Zabeen, Shubharthi Kar, Shakila Banu, Mohammad Habibur Rahman Sarker, Navid Khan, Durjoy Acharjee and 8 more

Erratum issuedAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Debasish KarCommunity and Primary Care Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK. Debasish.kar@plymouth.ac.uk.
Richard ByngCommunity and Primary Care Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
Aziz SheikhNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Mintu NathInstitute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
Bedowra ZabeenBADAS Paediatric Diabetes Care and Research Centre, Bangladesh Institute for Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Shubharthi KarSylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
Shakila BanuInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mohammad Habibur Rahman SarkerInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Navid KhanSylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
Durjoy AcharjeeDhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Shafiqul IslamUniversity of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Victoria AllgarCommunity and Primary Care Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
José M Ordóñez-MenaNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Aya El-WazirCentre of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
Soon SongDiabetes and Endocrinology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
Ashish VermaDepartment of Nephrology, Boston University, Boston, USA.
Umesh KadamUniversity of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Simon de LusignanNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Funding

National Institute for Health and Care Research CL-2023-24-001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe global prevalence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is increasing despite optimal management of traditional risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. This study examines the influence of cardiorenal risk factors, socioeconomic status, and ethnic and cardiovascular comorbidities on ESKD outcomes in the general population.

methodsThis cross-sectional study analysed data from 502,408 UK Biobank study participants recruited between 2006 and 2010. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to assess risk factors for ESKD, with results presented as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

resultsA total of 1191 (0.2%) of the study participants reported ESKD. Diabetes increased ESKD risk by 62% [1.62 (1.36-1.93)], with early-onset diabetes (before age 40) conferring higher odds compared to later-onset (after age 40) [2.26 (1.57-3.24)]. Similarly, early-onset hypertension (before age 40), compared to later onset (after age 40), increased ESKD odds by 73% [1.73 (1.21-2.44)]. Cardiovascular comorbidities, including stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction and angina, were strongly associated with ESKD [5.97 (3.99-8.72), 5.35 (4.38-6.56), 4.94 (3.56-6.78), and 4.89 (3.47-6.81)], respectively. Males were at 22% higher risk of ESKD than females [1.22 (1.04-1.43)]. Each additional year of diabetes duration increased ESKD odds by 2% [1.02 (1.01-1.03)]. Non-white ethnicity, compared to white and socioeconomically most deprived, compared to the least deprived quintiles, were at 70% and 83% higher odds of ESKD. Each unit of HbA1c rise increased the odds of ESKD by 2%. Compared to microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria increased the odds of ESKD by almost 10-fold [9.47 (7.95-11.27)] while normoalbuminuria reduced the odds by 73% [0.27 (0.22-0.32)].

conclusionsEarly onset of diabetes and hypertension, male sex, non-white ethnicity, deprivation, poor glycaemic control, and prolonged hyperglycaemia are significant risk factors for ESKD. These findings highlight the complexity of ESKD and the need for multifactorial targeted interventions in high-risk populations. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

Indexed as

Kidney Failure, ChronicAdultAgedBiological Specimen BanksCardiovascular DiseasesCohort StudiesComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetes MellitusFemaleHumansHypertensionMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsUK BiobankChronic kidney diseaseDiabetesEnd-stage kidney disease (ESKD)Renal replacement therapy (RRT)

Identifiers

PMID40169952
PMCPMC11959863

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.