ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2025
The global, regional, and national burden of Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS): An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2021.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Safety and Immunogenicity of a Trivalent Salmonella Conjugate Vaccine to S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Plasmid encodedBiofilm · 2026Article
- Population structure and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates from diseased poultry in Jiangxi Province, China.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and risk factor analysis of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in children.Gut pathogens · 2026Article
- Review
- Country-level perspectives and priorities to guide the development of Invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) vaccines: Insights from seven countries.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic Carriage and Antimicrobial Resistance ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- Genomic characterization and comparative analysis of multidrug-resistantFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Article
- Laboratory epidemiology ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Alternatives and Next-Generation Therapeutics forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Emergence of carbapenem-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Transmission dynamics for invasive Non-TyphoidalWellcome open research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesInvasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) can cause serious, life-threatening, and invasive infections, posing great challenges to public health. We aimed to systematically review the burden of iNTS disease based on Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021.
methodsWe extracted data for the incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with iNTS from GBD 2021, providing an overview of its epidemiology while examining trends from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, we decomposed changes of iNTS-related burden, and quantified cross-country inequalities.
resultsGBD 2021 estimated 509976(95%UI,413361 to 606167) incident cases of iNTS worldwide in 2021, with the most cases and highest age-standardized rate (ASR) in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. The low SDI region had the most cases of iNTS in 2021. The incidence and DALYs rates were highest in the Low SDI region. Among all age groups, the incidence, death, and DALYs rate of iNTS were primarily concentrated among the following age groups: <1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years. The highest rates were observed in the <1-year group. The results of joinpoint regression analysis revealed that the global burden of iNTS increased overall from 1990 to 2005, followed by notable decrease from 2005 to 2021 at varying rates. Decomposition analysis found that population growth (103.93%) and epidemiological change (48.34%) were responsible for motivating the changes in iNTS global burden. Cross-country inequality analysis revealed that the SDI-related inequalities were moderated from 1990 to 2021.
conclusionsThe global burden of iNTS is still high, and the distribution patterns vary across different countries and territories. The global burden of iNTS was primarily noteworthy among children and adolescents, with the highest burden among infants. The changes in the iNTS burden were primarily driven by population growth and epidemic transition. Despite varying iNTS burdens across different SDI regions, SDI-related inequalities across countries became moderated gradually over time. This study reported the global disease burden and temporal trends of iNTS disease, and underscores the need for age- and region-specific strategies to mitigate the corresponding global burden.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.