ArticlePloS one2025
Pre-treatment direct costs for people with tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in different healthcare settings in Bandung, Indonesia.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pretreatment out-of-pocket costs for people with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Bandung, Indonesia.PloS one · 2026Article
- Understanding the financial hardships faced by TB and HIV patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-method study in Bandung and Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Health policy and planning · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) program was massively disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have impacted on an increase in costs for people with TB (PWTB) and their households. We aimed to quantify the pre-treatment out-of-pocket costs and the factors associated with these costs from patients' perspective during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung, Indonesia. Adults with pulmonary TB were interviewed using a structured questionnaire for this cross-sectional study recruiting from 7 hospitals, 59 private practitioners, and 10 community health centers (CHCs) between July 2021 to February 2022. Costs in rupiah were converted into US dollars and presented as a median and interquartile range (IQR). Factors associated with costs were identified using quantile regression. A total of 252 participants were recruited. The median total pre-treatment cost was $35.45 (IQR 17.69-67.62). The highest median cost was experienced by participants from private hospitals ($54.51, IQR 29.48-98.47). The rapid antigen and PCR for SARS-CoV-2 emerged as additional medical costs among 26% of participants recruited in private hospitals. Visiting ≥ 6 providers before diagnosis ($38.40 versus $26.20, p < 0.001), presenting first at a private hospital ($50.68, p < 0.05) and private practitioners ($34.97, p < 0.05), and being diagnosed in the private health sector ($39.98 versus $20.30, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with higher pre-treatment costs. PWTB experienced substantial out-of-pocket costs in the process of diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic despite free TB diagnosis and treatment. Early detection and identification play an important role in reducing pre-diagnostic TB costs.
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