ArticleExploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy2025
A review of recommendations, efficacy, and patient safety for over-the-counter norgestrel for daily contraception.
Article in Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Purpose: This narrative review examines the implications of norgestrel, a progestin-only oral contraceptive, becoming newly available over-the-counter (OTC) in the United States. The objectives are to explore the pharmacotherapy,mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and implications to clinical practice of OTC progestin-only pills (POPs), and how this may impact contraceptive access and public health. Methods: The review synthesizes data from clinical studies, public health reports, global perspectives, and recent policy changes to assess the potential impact of OTC access to norgestrel in the United States. The analysis includes the evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of norgestrel 0.075 mg on ovarian activity, the effectiveness of POPs, and benefits and barriers to contraceptive access. Findings: The evidence indicates that POPs thickens cervical mucus, providing effective contraception within 48 h of use. While ovulation inhibition may take up to 28 days and occurs in approximately half of users, the availability of POPs OTC is anticipated to significantly reduce barriers to contraceptive access. This could lead to a broader use of effective contraception and potentially reduce unintended pregnancies. Additionally, the review highlights that the introduction of OTC contraceptives could increase access among populations historically facing difficulties in obtaining prescriptions. Conclusions: Making norgestrel available OTC represents a critical advancement in contraceptive access with the potential to enhance public health by reducing unintended pregnancies. However, the extent of its impact will depend on widespread education and adherence to proper use. The review underscores the need for further research to monitor outcomes post-OTC availability and to assess the broader implications for reproductive health and equity.
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