Sitagliptin, diabetes mellitus, and heart failure: an in-depth review of sitagliptin therapy and heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by impairments in cardiac function and heart structural changes. Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions worldwide. It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Patients with T2DM are at an increased risk of developing HF. Multifactorial pathophysiology underlies HF in T2DM patients. Inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction are some of the mechanisms involved. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV) inhibitors may affect cardiac function by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress, affecting endothelial function, and modifying myocardial fibrosis. An antidiabetic drug class known as DPP-IV inhibitors improves patients' glycemic control in T2DM patients. However, DPP-IV inhibitors have been shown to lower glucose levels and alter HF risk in addition to their glucose-lowering effects. Sitagliptin is an oral medication used to treat T2DM. Sitagliptin is often used in combination with other diabetes medications. A preclinical study showed that sitagliptin improved cardiac function in models of heart failure. The precise mechanisms responsible for this improvement are not yet fully understood, but it could be related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Patients with T2DM are more prone to HF, which highlights the necessity of effective therapies to improve both blood glucose control and cardiovascular health. Sitagliptin offers potential cardioprotective and glucose-lowering benefits for these patients. However, further research is required to fully comprehend the role of sitagliptin in the treatment of HF in individuals with T2DM.