ReviewClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2025
Sex and gender differences in cancer pathogenesis and pharmacology.
Review in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pan-cancer analysis of Notch pathway-linked gene expression identifies tumour-specific and sex-stratified prognostic associations.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Development and Validation of an Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Early Pulmonary Metastasis Risk in Osteosarcoma.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Age and sex differences in the global cancer burden.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Sex differences in non-reproductive cancers: mechanistic roles of sex-hormone signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Nonreproductive Solid Organ Tumors in the United States, 2015 to 2022.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular and Renal Risk Stratification in Patients Referred to an Onconephrology Clinic and Undergoing Different Oncology Therapies: A Real-World Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Synaptic Plasticity-Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Frailty in older patients with cancer in Vietnam.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Clinical and genetic characteristics of head and neck paragangliomas from China featuring Sino-European comparisons.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Gender disparities in the overall survival of patients with minimally invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Cancer-Associated Thrombosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cancer Mortality in an Ageing Population: Evidence of Sex-Specific Divergence from a National Study in Poland.Cancers · 2026Article
- Integrative microRNA and transcriptome analysis reveals sex-specific molecular divergence in human bladder cancer.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Checking assumptions: advancing the analysis of sex and gender in health sciences.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- An agent-based learning model integrating sex differences in renal cell carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Cardio-Oncology Risk Phenotypes in Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy: A Data-Driven Analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-related differences in survival based on [Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2026Article
- Tracking cancer hospitalizations: seventeen-year sex-specific trends in nationally representative hospitalization data on malignant neoplasms in Thailand (2007-2023).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences in the efficacy and toxicity of cancer treatments.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex and gender may influence the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of cancer. This narrative review describes sex and gender differences in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cancer, and how such differences may impact the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cancer treatment. For most types of cancer unrelated to reproductive function, incidence is higher in males than in females, except for gallbladder and thyroid cancers, which are much more common in women. Cancer mortality is higher in men than women; women account for a larger proportion of survivors. These differences may be related to biological differences in pathogenesis or differences in behaviors relating to cancer risk or detection. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer therapies also differ between sexes due to differences in body composition, physiology, and receptor expression. Overall, sex and gender are essential variables to be considered in research and clinical practice, influencing diagnosis, subtyping (biomarkers), prognostication, treatment, and dosage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.