Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40162511›Full record

Observational studyPsychological medicine2025

Longitudinal associations of naturalistic psychedelic use with psychotic and manic symptoms.

Otto Simonsson, Simon B Goldberg, Walter Osika, Cecilia U D Stenfors, Sankalp Chaturvedi, Caroline M Swords, Jayanth Narayanan, Peter S Hendricks

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Psychological medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Classifying Psychedelic-Related Complications.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Observational
  9. Microdosing Psychedelics to Restore Synaptic Density in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Otto SimonssonDepartment of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-4197-7566
Simon B GoldbergCenter for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6888-0126
Walter OsikaDepartment of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-1583-7319
Cecilia U D StenforsDepartment of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-8411-0666
Sankalp ChaturvediDepartment of Management and Entrepreneurship, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Caroline M SwordsCenter for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-6373-4997
Jayanth NarayananDepartment of Management & Organizational Development, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Peter S HendricksDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

Funding

TRAINING PROGRAM IN EMOTION RESEARCHT32MH018931 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI Richard J Davidson · 1989 to 2026
$11.6M
Mindfulness training delivered via mobile health to reduce depression and anxietyK23AT010879 · NCCIH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI GOLDBERG, SIMON B · 2020 to 2024
$786k
EkhagastiftelsenNCCIH NIH HHS K23 AT010879NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH018931
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFindings from contemporary clinical trials suggest that psychedelics are generally safe and may be effective in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. However, less is known about the risks associated with psychedelic use outside of medically supervised contexts, particularly in populations that are typically excluded from participation in clinical trials.

methodsUsing a preregistered longitudinal observational research design with a purposive sample of US residents between 18 and 50 years old (

resultsThe follow-up survey was completed by 12,345 participants (56% retention), with 505 participants reporting psychedelic use during the 2-month study period. In covariate-adjusted regression models, psychedelic use during the study period was associated with increases in the severity of psychotic and manic symptoms. However, such increases were only observed for those who reported psychedelic use in an illegal context. While increases in the severity of psychotic symptoms appeared to depend on the frequency of use and the intensity of challenging psychedelic experiences, increases in the severity of manic symptoms appeared to be moderated by a personal history of schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder and the subjective experience of insight during a psychedelic experience.

conclusionsThe findings suggest that naturalistic psychedelic use specifically in illegal contexts may lead to increases in the severity of psychotic and manic symptoms. Such increases may depend on the frequency of use, the acute subjective psychedelic experience, and psychiatric history.

Indexed as

Bipolar DisorderHallucinogensManiaPsychotic DisordersSchizophreniaAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedUnited StatesYoung AdultHallucinogensbipolarillegal drug usemaniapsychedelicspsychosisschizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID40162511
PMCPMC12094617

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.