ArticleBioImpacts : BI2025
Annexin A1, calreticulin and high mobility group box 1 are elevated in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Does immunogenic cell death occur in multiple sclerosis?
Article in BioImpacts : BI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Proteomic Profiling of Optic Nerves From SMOX-Deficient Mice Identifies Regulators of Neuroinflammation and Axonal Damage in Optic Neuritis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid-induced oligodendrogliopathy in vitro and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Annexins and autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases - Insights into SLE, APS and RA: A review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2026Review
- Harnessing a cRGD-Targeted Schottky Junction MXene Nanocomposite for Potent Bladder Cancer Therapy: Dual-Modal PTT/PDT Effects with Immune Activation and Favorable Comparison to Doxorubicin.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory diseases characterized by demyelination of the nerve fibers. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a process, during which damaged and stressed cells release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activating immune responses. This study aimed to elucidate the induction of ICD in MS diseases. Methods: To achieve this goal, the level of DAMPs including Annexin A1 (ANXA1), calreticulin and HMGB1 was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) patient in comparison to control group. Results: Results showed significant upregulation (more than two-fold) of ANXA1, calreticulin (CRT) and HMGB1 in the CSF of the patient. Conclusion: Although further studies are suggested in this regard, this data could imply induction of ICD in MS. The proposed ICD might trigger immune response against neural cells resulting in neuroinflammation and demyelination in CNS in MS. Our observation could suggest inclusion of ICD interfering treatments in routine MS therapy.
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