Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40161763›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2025

IL-6 underlies microenvironment immunosuppression and resistance to therapy in glioblastoma.

Jacob S Young, Nam Woo Cho, Calixto-Hope G Lucas, Hinda Najem, Kanish Mirchia, William C Chen, Kyounghee Seo, Naomi Zakimi, Vikas Daggubati, Tim Casey-Clyde and 13 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Jacob S YoungDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nam Woo ChoDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Calixto-Hope G LucasDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Hinda NajemDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Kanish MirchiaDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
William C ChenDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kyounghee SeoDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Naomi ZakimiDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Vikas DaggubatiDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Tim Casey-ClydeDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Minh P NguyenDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Arya ChenDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Joanna J PhillipsDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Tomoko OzawaDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Manish K AghiDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2949-2227
Jennie W TaylorDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Joseph L DeRisiChan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aparna BhaduriDepartment of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Mitchel S BergerDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Amy B HeimbergerDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Nicholas ButowskiDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Matthew H SpitzerParker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
David R RaleighDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Funding

Tissue CoreP50CA097257 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Joseph F Costello · 2002 to 2026
$57.4M
UCLA SPORE in Brain CancerP50CA211015 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Yvonne Yu-Hsuan Chen · 2017 to 2026
$25.2M
STINGing GBM: A First-in- Man Clinical Trial in Surgical Resectable Recurrent GBMP50CA221747 · NCI · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI MACIEJ S LESNIAK · 2018 to 2026
$21.4M
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGYT32AI007334 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI CYSTER, JASON G · 1988 to 2023
$11.0M
Training Program in Translational Brain Tumor ResearchT32CA151022 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Joseph F Costello · 2010 to 2026
$6.6M
Understanding druggable drivers of meningioma tumorigenesisR01CA262311 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI RALEIGH, DAVID R · 2021 to 2025
$2.7M
UCSF Paul Calabresi K12 Career Development Program in Clinical OncologyK12CA260225 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI BERGSLAND, EMILY K, BIVONA, TREVER G · 2021 to 2025
$2.6M
Retroviral RLI immunomodulatory gene therapy for glioblastomaR01NS123808 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Manish Aghi · 2022 to 2026
$2.1M
Stinging the Glioma Immune LandscapeR01NS120547 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI HEIMBERGER, AMY BETH, RAO, ARVIND · 2020 to 2023
$1.1M
NCI NIH HHS K12 CA260225NCI NIH HHS P50 CA097257NCI NIH HHS P50 CA211015NCI NIH HHS P50 CA221747NCI NIH HHS R01 CA262311NCI NIH HHS T32 CA151022NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007334NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS120547NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS123808
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The glioblastoma tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is an immunosuppressive barrier to therapy that encumbers glioblastoma responses to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Immunosuppressive cytokines, pro-tumor myeloid cells, and exhausted T-cells are hallmarks of the glioblastoma TIME. Here we integrate spatial and single-cell analyses of patient-matched human glioblastoma samples before and after ICI with genetic, immunologic, single-cell, and pharmacologic studies in preclinical models to reveal that interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibition reprograms the glioblastoma TIME to sensitize mouse glioblastoma to ICI and radiotherapy. Rare human glioblastoma patients who achieve clinical responses to ICI have lower pre-treatment IL-6 levels compared to glioblastomas who do not respond to ICI. Immune stimulatory gene therapy suppresses IL-6 tumor levels in preclinical murine models of glioblastoma. Furthermore, survival was longer in

Identifiers

PMID40161763
PMCPMC11952432

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.