ArticleToxicology research2025
Effects and regulatory mechanisms of bisphenol a on the increases apoptosis and decreases differentiation potential in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Article in Toxicology research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bisphenol A has deleterious effects on reproductive, developmental, cell biological, and physiological functions. Here, we investigated the dosage effects of bisphenol A on the differentiation potential and apoptosis of mouse embryonic stem cells, and assessed some relevant regulatory mechanisms. Our results showed that bisphenol A at doses of 1-2 μmol/L triggers apoptotic processes without necrotic cell death in the ESC-B5 mouse embryonic stem cell line. No death effect was seen at treatment dosages of 0.5 μmol/L or less. Mechanistically, the application of 1-2 μmol/L bisphenol A directly increased the intracellular oxidative stress levels, significantly increased the cytoplasmic calcium and nitric oxide contents, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, activated caspases-9 and -3, and triggered programmed cell death. Interestingly, embryoid body formation assays showed that 0.5 μmol/L bisphenol A decreased the differentiation potential of ESC-B5 cells without inducing apoptotic processes. Together, our results indicate that treatment with 1-2 μmol/L bisphenol A induces apoptosis and triggers hazardous effects on the differentiation and developmental potential of mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro
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