ArticleBiomaterials research2025
Layered Double Hydroxide Reshapes the Immune Microenvironment of Rheumatoid Arthritis through Small Mothers against Decapentaplegic 5.
Article in Biomaterials research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Physicochemically-guided immunomodulatory biomaterials for regulating immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Concept of 2D van der Waals Nanohybrids for Key Biomedical Applications.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Persistent synovitis is a pivotal pathological feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the current rheumatoid drugs are accompanied by severe side effects and have limited anti-inflammatory capabilities. In this work, we designed a bioactive material-folic acid modified layered double hydroxides (FA-LDH), aiming at targeting M1 macrophages and modulating macrophage repolarization. The in vitro experiment showed that FA-LDH mitigated the release of proinflammatory cytokines and promoted the expression of M2 macrophage markers. In terms of the action mechanism, FA-LDH modulated the nucleocytoplasmic transport of the small mothers against decapentaplegic 5 (Smad5) protein by adjusting the pH within the immune microenvironment. Subsequently, relying on the interaction between phospho-Smad5 (pSmad5) and p65, the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway was down-regulated through inhibiting nuclear transport of p65. Additionally, FA-LDH exhibited excellent targeting capability toward M1 macrophages and strong accumulation capacity in inflamed joints. In vivo experiment showed that FA-LDH could relieve swelling of limbs, reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and protect joint cartilage and subchondral bone structure in collagen-induced arthritis mice. In summary, this work introduces a strategy for utilizing bioactive FA-LDH in the treatment of RA, highlighting the potential of FA-LDH to alleviate inflammation and reshape the immune microenvironment through the pSmad5/p65 axis.
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Registered trials
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