Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40161013›Full record

ArticleJournal of health monitoring2025

The life expectancy gap: Socioeconomic differences in life expectancy between areas in Germany.

Jens Hoebel, Niels Michalski, Jens Baumert, Enno Nowossadeck, Fabian Tetzlaff

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of health monitoring, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. [The very elderly in Germany: demography, regional inequalities, and health-an overview].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026
    Review
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  8. ["Promoting health means promoting democracy": conference report on the 2025 Poverty and Health Congress].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jens HoebelRobert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany.
Niels MichalskiRobert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany.
Jens BaumertRobert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany.
Enno NowossadeckRobert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany.
Fabian TetzlaffRobert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Berlin, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: This study examines differences in life expectancy between Germany's most affluent and most deprived areas. Methods: Nationwide data from the cause-of-death statistics from 2003 to 2022 were linked with official population data to calculate the average life expectancy of females and males in each of Germany's districts. Regression analysis was used to assess the association with the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (GISD) at district level and calculate the life expectancy gap between the most and least deprived areas. Results: In the period 2020 - 2022, life expectancy in the most deprived areas was 4.3 years (females) and 7.2 years (males) lower than in the least deprived areas. In the period 2003 - 2005, this life expectancy gap was still 2.6 and 5.7 years. The widening of the life expectancy gap resulted from a less favourable development of life expectancy in the most deprived areas. It was already evident before and intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The increasing life expectancy gap indicates that health inequality in Germany is increasing. As a result, the development of a strategy to improve health equity is more important than ever to be placed on the policy agenda.

Indexed as

Health inequalityLife expectancyMortalityRegional deprivationSocial determinants

Identifiers

PMID40161013
PMCPMC11948288

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.