The application of neighborhood area deprivation index to improve health equity across the spectrum of heart failure: a review.

Neighborhood environments play a key role in the development of individual risk factors for heart failure (HF) and impact health outcomes across the spectrum of HF. The area deprivation index (ADI) is an important composite measure of neighborhood depravity that has been associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. The objective of our review is to discuss how neighborhood deprivation, with an emphasis on ADI, influences the spectrum of HF among patients and to propose solutions for ADI applications to improve the implementation of equitable care across the HF spectrum. MEDLINE/Pubmed was systematically searched to identify observational studies published between 2016 and 2024, examining the impact of ADI on HF risk, management, and outcomes. The search involved crossing two sets of terms included in article titles and abstracts: (1) social deprivation, area deprivation index, and neighborhood deprivation; (2) cardiovascular disease risk, heart failure, heart failure medications, and heart failure outcomes. Additional references were identified through searching relevant author reference lists and review articles. Key findings suggest that (1) the prevalence of HF risk is increased in individuals residing in neighborhoods with higher ADI; (2) HF patients living in more deprived neighborhoods have increased odds of being hospitalized for HF; (3) after HF admission, the relationship between ADI and risk for readmissions varies by race; and (4) there is an excess 30-day mortality of HF associated with race and neighborhood deprivation. The ADI is an important value to consider in patients with HF, given its association with clinical outcomes. Therefore, we suggest practical ways to incorporate ADI into the management of patients with HF to improve equitable outcomes.