ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2025
Added Sugar Intake from Infant Formula and Complementary Foods: A Longitudinal Investigation and Implications for Infant Weight Gain.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundInfant formula contains added sugar, although national recommendations are that added sugar should be avoided for infants.
objectivesThis study aims to estimate average daily added sugar intake from formula and complementary foods and examine associations between added sugar intake from formula and complementary foods and weight status among infants in low-income households.
methodsBetween August 2019 and November 2021, mother-infant dyads were recruited from a pediatric clinic primarily serving Medicaid recipients, regardless of feeding type. 24-h feeding recalls were conducted on infants aged 6, 9, and 12 mo. For directly breast-fed infants, we used the average expected milk volume intake by age. Weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores were calculated from health record measurements. Descriptives, bivariate tests, and multilevel linear growth modeling were used.
resultsMost participants (n = 234) were African American (39%) or Latino (38%). Infants' daily added sugar intake was on average 7 g from complementary foods and 33 g from formula, with formula being the major source at 6 and 9 mo. Daily intake of calories due to added sugar was significantly higher among formula-fed infants compared with breast milk or sugar-free formula-fed infants (P = 0.034). For every 10 g of added sugar from formula daily, infants' weight-for-length z-scores increased by an average of 0.060 (SE = 0.018, P = 0.001).
conclusionsFormula significantly contributes to added sugar intake among infants compared with complementary foods. A significant positive association between added sugar from formula and infant weight gain suggests the need for regulations limiting added sugar in formula and including added sugar information on formula food labels.
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