Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40157457›Full record

ArticlePreventive medicine2025

The associations of long working hours and unhealthy diet with cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in US workers.

Xiang Li, Jian Li, Xuyuehe Ren, Tong Xia, Onyebuchi A Arah, Liwei Chen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Preventive medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Xiang LiDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: lix@ucla.edu.
Jian LiDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: jianli2019@ucla.edu.
Xuyuehe RenDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: roxyren22@ucla.edu.
Tong XiaDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: xiatong@g.ucla.edu.
Onyebuchi A ArahDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Statistics & Data Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Practical Causal Inference Lab, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Research Unit for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: arah@ucla.edu.
Liwei ChenDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: cliwei86@ucla.edu.

Funding

Scientific and Technical CoreP2CHD041022 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Martha Jane Bailey · 2016 to 2026
$6.9M
NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD041022NIOSH CDC HHS R21 OH012446NIOSH CDC HHS T42 OH008412
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo examine independent and joint associations of long working hours (LWH) and EAT-Lancet diet with cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in US workers.

methodsThis prospective cohort included US workers from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with cross-sectional baseline data from 1999 to March 2020. A subsample of participants from 1999 to 2018 was linked to the National Death Index, with mortality follow-up through December 2019. The independent and joint associations of LWH (≥ 55 vs. < 55 h/week) and EAT-Lancet diet scores (low vs. high) with cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality were estimated using multivariable logistic and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.

resultsLWH was associated with higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.20; 95%CI = 1.07, 1.34) among all workers and higher CVD mortality among workers with high CVD risk at baseline (HR = 1.64, 95%CI = 0.79, 3.12). Low diet scores were associated with higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.21, 1.42) and diabetes (OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.01, 1.76) among all workers. Working hours and diet scores were jointly associated with obesity and CVD mortality, indicating by the relative excess risk due to interaction greater than zero among all workers.

conclusionsLWH and unhealthy diet are independent risk factors and may interact to exacerbate adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesDietWork Schedule ToleranceAdultCardiometabolic Risk FactorsCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysObesityProspective StudiesRisk FactorsUnited StatesCardiovascular diseaseDiet qualityLong working hoursMortalityWorkers' health

Identifiers

PMID40157457
PMCPMC12962129

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.