Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40157086›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors2025

Rates and correlates of simultaneous use and mixing of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis among adults who currently use alcohol and tobacco.

Amanda Y Kong, Sarah D Kowitt, Elizabeth O Halstead, Kristen L Jarman, Leah M Ranney, Adam O Goldstein, Melissa J Cox

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Amanda Y KongDepartment of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 525 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA. Electronic address: akong@wakehealth.edu.
Sarah D KowittDepartment of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 WestDr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Elizabeth O HalsteadDepartment of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Kristen L JarmanDepartment of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Leah M RanneyDepartment of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 WestDr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Adam O GoldsteinDepartment of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 WestDr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Melissa J CoxDepartment of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Funding

Little Cigar and Cigarillo Warnings to Reduce Tobacco-Related Cancers and DiseaseR01CA240732 · NCI · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI GOLDSTEIN, ADAM O · 2019 to 2023
$3.1M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA240732
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLittle research exists on simultaneous use of multiple substances that pose additive risk for negative health outcomes. We examine rates and sociodemographic and state cannabis legalization status correlates of simultaneous use (i.e., use > 1 substance on the same occasion) and mixing (e.g., co-administration of substances) of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis among a U.S sample of adults who currently use alcohol and combustible tobacco products.

methodsUsing a survey panel, we recruited 1,300 U.S. adults who reported past 30-day use of alcohol and combustible tobacco between June to July 2021. We fit logistic regression models to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics and cannabis legalization status with use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis.

resultsThe majority (67%) of participants reported simultaneous alcohol and tobacco use. Over half (55.5%) of tobacco and alcohol co-users reported past 30-day cannabis use, 42.1% reported simultaneous tobacco and cannabis use, and 45% reported mixing tobacco and cannabis in the form of a blunt. Additionally, 36.5% reported simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, and 33.1% reported simultaneous alcohol and blunt use. Age, race, gender, and income level were associated with simultaneous use of some substances. State cannabis legalization status was not significantly associated with outcomes.

conclusionsOverall, the prevalence of simultaneous use was high among this U.S. purposive sample of adults who reported current co-use of alcohol and tobacco products. Researchers should consider measuring simultaneous use of substances in samples of co-users, which may inform the efficacy of interventions focused on cessation or harm reduction of substance use.

Indexed as

Alcohol DrinkingMarijuana SmokingMarijuana UseTobacco UseAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedUnited StatesYoung AdultAlcoholCannabisCo-useMixingSimultaneous useTobacco

Identifiers

PMID40157086
PMCPMC12126854

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.